Managing Ambiguity in Reference Generation: The Role of Surface Structure

• Published in: Topics in cognitive science 2012-04, Vol.4 (2), p.211-231
• Main Authors: Khan, Imtiaz H., Deemter, Kees van, Ritchie, Graeme
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Ambiguity management; Choice Behavior; Comprehension - physiology; Computer Graphics; Generation of referring expressions; Humans; Judgment; Language; Models, Theoretical; Natural language generation; Natural Language Processing; Personal Satisfaction; Reading; Surface ambiguity in gre; Surface realization; Time Factors
• ISSN: 1756-8757; 1756-8765
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01167.x

This article explores the role of surface ambiguities in referring expressions, and how the risk of such ambiguities should be taken into account by an algorithm that generates referring expressions, if these expressions are to be optimally effective for a hearer. We focus on the ambiguities that arise when adjectives occur in coordinated structures. The central idea is to use statistical information about lexical co‐occurrence to estimate which interpretation of a phrase is most likely for human readers, and to avoid generating phrases where misunderstandings are likely. Various aspects of the problem were explored in three experiments in which responses by human participants provided evidence about which reading was most likely for certain phrases, which phrases were deemed most suitable for particular referents, and the speed at which various phrases were read. We found a preference for ‘‘clear’’ expressions to ‘‘unclear’’ ones, but if several of the expressions are ‘‘clear,’’ then brief expressions are preferred over non‐brief ones even though the brief ones are syntactically ambiguous and the non‐brief ones are not; the notion of clarity was made precise using Kilgarriff's Word Sketches. We outline an implemented algorithm that generates noun phrases conforming to our hypotheses.