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Pathway redesign for deoxyviolacein biosynthesis in Citrobacter freundii and characterization of this pigment
Violacein (Vio) is an important purple pigment with many potential bioactivities. Deoxyviolacein, a structural analog of Vio, is always synthesized in low concentrations with Vio in wild-type bacteria. Due to deoxyviolacein’s low production and difficulties in isolation and purification, little has...
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Published in: | Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2012-06, Vol.94 (6), p.1521-1532 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Violacein (Vio) is an important purple pigment with many potential bioactivities. Deoxyviolacein, a structural analog of Vio, is always synthesized in low concentrations with Vio in wild-type bacteria. Due to deoxyviolacein’s low production and difficulties in isolation and purification, little has been learned regarding its function and potential applications. This study was the first effort in developing a stable and efficient biosynthetic system for producing pure deoxyviolacein. A recombinant plasmid with
vioabce
genes was constructed by splicing using an overlapping extension-polymerase chain reaction, based on the Vio-synthesizing gene cluster of
vioabcde
, originating from
Duganella
sp. B2, and was introduced into
Citrobacter freundii
. With the
viod
gene disrupted in the Vio synthetic pathway, Vio production was completely abolished and the recombinant
C. freundii
synthesized only deoxyviolacein. Interestingly,
vioe
gene expression was strongly stimulated in the
viod
-deleted recombinant strain, indicating that
viod
disruptions could potentially induce polar effects upon the downstream
vioe
gene within this small operon. Deoxyviolacein production by this strain reached 1.9 g/L in shaker flasks. The product exhibited significant acid/alkali and UV resistance as well as significant inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation at low concentrations of 0.1–1 μM. These physical characteristics and antitumor activities of deoxyviolacein contribute to illuminating its potential applications. |
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ISSN: | 0175-7598 1432-0614 |
DOI: | 10.1007/s00253-012-3960-0 |