Pump-pump four-wave mixing in distributed Raman amplified systems

This paper describes the four-wave mixing (FWM) interaction of several Raman pumps and its effect on optical-signal-to-noise ratio and Raman gain. In this paper, the modeling of the combined Raman and FWM effects is explained and is used for the impairment investigation. We compare the relative impo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of lightwave technology 2004-03, Vol.22 (3), p.723-732
Main Authors: Bouteiller, J.-C., Leng, L., Headley, C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amplification
Applied sciences
Circuit properties
Dispersion
Dispersions
Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits
Electronics
Exact sciences and technology
Fiber nonlinear optics
Four-wave mixing
Gain
Integrated optics. Optical fibers and wave guides
Mathematical models
Nonlinear optics
Optical amplifiers
Optical and optoelectronic circuits
Optical fiber cables
Optical mixing
Optical pumping
Optical scattering
Pumps
Rayleigh scattering
Stimulated emission
Systems, networks and services of telecommunications
Telecommunications
Telecommunications and information theory
Transmission and modulation (techniques and equipments)
Wavelengths
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Summary:This paper describes the four-wave mixing (FWM) interaction of several Raman pumps and its effect on optical-signal-to-noise ratio and Raman gain. In this paper, the modeling of the combined Raman and FWM effects is explained and is used for the impairment investigation. We compare the relative importance of amplifier parameters. In particular, the paper shows how wide pumps increase the regions of forbidden zero-dispersion wavelength and increase the penalty regions in the signal band. Fiber parameters beyond zero-dispersion wavelength (dispersion slope, effective area, and Rayleigh scattering) are also investigated but show little impact. Finally, the paper considers nonuniform spans and shows that the use of short cables makes pump-pump FWM a likely problem.
ISSN:0733-8724
1558-2213
DOI:10.1109/JLT.2004.824459