The ubiquitin–proteasome system: central modifier of plant signalling

Ubiquitin is well established as a major modifier of signalling in eukaryotes. However, the extent to which plants rely on ubiquitin for regulating their lifecycle is only recently becoming apparent. This is underlined by the over-representation of genes encoding ubiquitin-metabolizing enzymes in Ar...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The New phytologist 2012-10, Vol.196 (1), p.13-28
Main Authors: Sadanandom, Ari, Bailey, Mark, Ewan, Richard, Lee, Jack, Nelis, Stuart
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biology
Cells
Conjugation
degradation
Environmental changes
Environmental conditions
Enzymes
Eukaryotes
F box proteins
Flavor
Flavors
Gene expression regulation
Gene mapping
Genes
Hormones
Life cycle analysis
Lysine
Pathogens
Peptides
plant
Plant cells
Plant Development
Plants
Plants - metabolism
proteasome
Proteasome 26S
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex - metabolism
Proteins
Proteolysis
Regulators
Signal processing
Signal Transduction
Signaling
signalling
Tansley reviews
Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin - metabolism
Ubiquitination
Ubiquitins
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Summary:Ubiquitin is well established as a major modifier of signalling in eukaryotes. However, the extent to which plants rely on ubiquitin for regulating their lifecycle is only recently becoming apparent. This is underlined by the over-representation of genes encoding ubiquitin-metabolizing enzymes in Arabidopsis when compared with other model eukaryotes. The main characteristic of ubiquitination is the conjugation of ubiquitin onto lysine residues of acceptor proteins. In most cases the targeted protein is rapidly degraded by the 26S proteasome, the major proteolysis machinery in eukaryotic cells. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is responsible for removing most abnormal peptides and short-lived cellular regulators, which, in turn, control many processes. This allows cells to respond rapidly to intracellular signals and changing environmental conditions. This review maps out the roles of the components of the ubiquitin–proteasome system with emphasis on areas where future research is urgently needed. We provide a flavour of the diverse aspects of plant lifecycle where the ubiquitin–proteasome system is implicated. We aim to highlight common themes using key examples that reiterate the importance of the ubiquitin–proteasome system to plants. The future challenge in plant biology is to define the targets for ubiquitination, their interactors and their molecular function within the regulatory context.
ISSN:0028-646X
1469-8137
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04266.x