Polyamine uptake by the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum

• Published in: International journal for parasitology 2012-09, Vol.42 (10), p.921-929
• Main Authors: Niemand, J., Louw, A.I., Birkholtz, L., Kirk, K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Cell Proliferation; Cytosol - chemistry; Cytosol - metabolism; Erythrocytes - parasitology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Human protozoal diseases; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infectious diseases; Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis; Malaria; Medical sciences; Membrane transport; Parasitic diseases; Plasmodium; Plasmodium falciparum - metabolism; Polyamine; Protozoa; Protozoal diseases; Putrescine; Putrescine - metabolism; Sodium; Spermidine; Spermidine - metabolism
• ISSN: 0020-7519; 1879-0135
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.07.005

[Display omitted] ► Polyamines are present at high concentrations in blood-stage malaria parasites. ► The parasite takes up polyamines from the external environment. ► Polyamine uptake is dependent on the extracellular pH and parasite membrane potential. ► Uptake of exogenous polyamines increases on inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamines and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis are present at high levels in rapidly proliferating cells, including cancer cells and protozoan parasites. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in asexual blood-stage malaria parasites causes cytostatic arrest of parasite development under in vitro conditions, but does not cure infections in vivo. This may be due to replenishment of the parasite’s intracellular polyamine pool via salvage of exogenous polyamines from the host. However, the mechanism(s) of polyamine uptake by the intraerythrocytic parasite are not well understood. In this study, the uptake of the polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, into Plasmodium falciparum parasites functionally isolated from their host erythrocyte was investigated using radioisotope flux techniques. Both putrescine and spermidine were taken up into isolated parasites via a temperature-dependent process that showed cross-competition between different polyamines. There was also some inhibition of polyamine uptake by basic amino acids. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis led to an increase in the total amount of putrescine and spermidine taken up from the extracellular medium. The uptake of putrescine and spermidine by isolated parasites was independent of extracellular Na+ but increased with increasing external pH. Uptake also showed a marked dependence on the parasite’s membrane potential, decreasing with membrane depolarization and increasing with membrane hyperpolarization. The data are consistent with polyamines being taken up into the parasite via an electrogenic uptake process, energised by the parasite’s inwardly negative membrane potential.