The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development

Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and establis...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Small business economics 2012-10, Vol.39 (3), p.627-643
Main Authors: van der Zwan, Peter, Verheul, Ingrid, Thurik, A. Roy
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Area planning & development
Business and Management
Business economics
Business ownership
Business structures
Data analysis
Decision making
Determinants
Economic transitions
Employment
Entrepreneurial Activity and Regional Competitiveness
Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurship
Females
Gender
Gender differences
Gender differentiation
Gender roles
Industrial Organization
Management
Men
Microeconomics
Regional planning
Regions
Self employment
Small businesses
Startups
Transition economies
U.S.A
Women
Women's employment
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Summary:Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and established entrepreneurs. We use a large international dataset that includes respondents from 32 European countries, three Asian countries, and the United States. Findings show that cross-country gender differences are largest in the first and final transitions of the entrepreneurial process. In particular, some European transition economies are characterized by relatively low propensities of women to convert start-up considerations into startup activities and low survival rates of businesses started by women.
ISSN:0921-898X
1573-0913
DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7