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The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development

Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and establis...

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Published in:	Small business economics 2012-10, Vol.39 (3), p.627-643
Main Authors:	van der Zwan, Peter, Verheul, Ingrid, Thurik, A. Roy
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Area planning & development Business and Management Business economics Business ownership Business structures Data analysis Decision making Determinants Economic transitions Employment Entrepreneurial Activity and Regional Competitiveness Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship Females Gender Gender differences Gender differentiation Gender roles Industrial Organization Management Men Microeconomics Regional planning Regions Self employment Small businesses Startups Transition economies U.S.A Women Women's employment
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container_title	Small business economics
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creator	van der Zwan, Peter Verheul, Ingrid Thurik, A. Roy
description	Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and established entrepreneurs. We use a large international dataset that includes respondents from 32 European countries, three Asian countries, and the United States. Findings show that cross-country gender differences are largest in the first and final transitions of the entrepreneurial process. In particular, some European transition economies are characterized by relatively low propensities of women to convert start-up considerations into startup activities and low survival rates of businesses started by women.
doi_str_mv	10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7
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source	EconLit s plnými texty; International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS); ABI/INFORM Global (ProQuest); Business Source Ultimate; Springer Nature; JSTOR
subjects	Area planning & development Business and Management Business economics Business ownership Business structures Data analysis Decision making Determinants Economic transitions Employment Entrepreneurial Activity and Regional Competitiveness Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship Females Gender Gender differences Gender differentiation Gender roles Industrial Organization Management Men Microeconomics Regional planning Regions Self employment Small businesses Startups Transition economies U.S.A Women Women's employment
title	The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development
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