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Effect of Early Bereavement on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability
Early bereavement is associated with increased cardiovascular events. The mechanism, however, has not been well studied. We assessed whether bereavement is associated with an increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability that might contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. A tota...
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Published in: | The American journal of cardiology 2012-11, Vol.110 (9), p.1378-1383 |
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creator | Buckley, Thomas, PhD Stannard, Angela, BAppSc Bartrop, Roger, MD McKinley, Sharon, PhD Ward, Christopher, PhD Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, PhD Morel-Kopp, Marie-Christie, PhD Spinaze, Monica, DipN Tofler, Geoffrey, MD |
description | Early bereavement is associated with increased cardiovascular events. The mechanism, however, has not been well studied. We assessed whether bereavement is associated with an increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability that might contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. A total of 78 bereaved spouses and parents (55 women and 23 men; aged 34 to 87 years, mean 65) were studied with 24-hour Holter monitoring within 2 weeks of bereavement (acute) and at 6 months. Their findings were compared to those from a nonbereaved reference group (52 women and 27 men) aged 33 to 91 years (mean 63.6). All participants were in sinus rhythm. We assessed the mean HR, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and both time and frequency domain heart rate variability measures. Acute bereavement was associated with increased 24-hour HR (mean ± SE, 75.1 ± 1.1 vs 70.7 ± 1.0; p = 0.004) and reduced heart rate variability, as indicated by lower standard deviation of the NN intervals index (median 45.4 vs 49.9, p = 0.017), total power (7.78 ± 0.10 vs 8.02 ± 0.09, p = 0.03), very low frequency (7.23 ± 0.09 vs 7.44, p = 0.046) and low frequency (5.76 ± 0.12 vs 6.16 ± 0.09, p = 0.01). At 6 months, the bereaved had a significantly lower HR (p = 0.001) and increased standard deviation of the NN intervals index (p = 0.02), square root of the mean square of differences of successive intervals (p = 0.045), number of interval differences of successive NN intervals >50 ms divided by the number of NN intervals (p = 0.039), low-frequency power (p = 0.02), and high frequency (p = 0.002) compared to the initial acute levels. In conclusion, the present study, the first to report 24-hour HR monitoring in the early weeks of bereavement, has demonstrated increased HR and altered autonomic function that might contribute to the increased cardiovascular events in early bereavement. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.045 |
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The mechanism, however, has not been well studied. We assessed whether bereavement is associated with an increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability that might contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. A total of 78 bereaved spouses and parents (55 women and 23 men; aged 34 to 87 years, mean 65) were studied with 24-hour Holter monitoring within 2 weeks of bereavement (acute) and at 6 months. Their findings were compared to those from a nonbereaved reference group (52 women and 27 men) aged 33 to 91 years (mean 63.6). All participants were in sinus rhythm. We assessed the mean HR, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and both time and frequency domain heart rate variability measures. Acute bereavement was associated with increased 24-hour HR (mean ± SE, 75.1 ± 1.1 vs 70.7 ± 1.0; p = 0.004) and reduced heart rate variability, as indicated by lower standard deviation of the NN intervals index (median 45.4 vs 49.9, p = 0.017), total power (7.78 ± 0.10 vs 8.02 ± 0.09, p = 0.03), very low frequency (7.23 ± 0.09 vs 7.44, p = 0.046) and low frequency (5.76 ± 0.12 vs 6.16 ± 0.09, p = 0.01). At 6 months, the bereaved had a significantly lower HR (p = 0.001) and increased standard deviation of the NN intervals index (p = 0.02), square root of the mean square of differences of successive intervals (p = 0.045), number of interval differences of successive NN intervals >50 ms divided by the number of NN intervals (p = 0.039), low-frequency power (p = 0.02), and high frequency (p = 0.002) compared to the initial acute levels. In conclusion, the present study, the first to report 24-hour HR monitoring in the early weeks of bereavement, has demonstrated increased HR and altered autonomic function that might contribute to the increased cardiovascular events in early bereavement.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-9149</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1913</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.045</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22853984</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJCDAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anxiety ; Bereavement ; Biological and medical sciences ; Bradycardia - diagnosis ; Bradycardia - epidemiology ; Cardiac arrhythmia ; Cardiology. Vascular system ; Cardiovascular ; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology ; Cohort Studies ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory - methods ; Families & family life ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fourier transforms ; Heart ; Heart attacks ; Heart rate ; Heart Rate - physiology ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Likert scale ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Questionnaires ; Reference Values ; Risk Assessment ; Sex Distribution ; Sleep ; Standard deviation ; Tachycardia - diagnosis ; Tachycardia - epidemiology ; Time Factors</subject><ispartof>The American journal of cardiology, 2012-11, Vol.110 (9), p.1378-1383</ispartof><rights>Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2012 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c393t-8a9e225bd0d095ff627e62c561c55dd652770641038f2c58c87a834d7e0c56053</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c393t-8a9e225bd0d095ff627e62c561c55dd652770641038f2c58c87a834d7e0c56053</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26566256$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22853984$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Buckley, Thomas, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stannard, Angela, BAppSc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bartrop, Roger, MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKinley, Sharon, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ward, Christopher, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morel-Kopp, Marie-Christie, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spinaze, Monica, DipN</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tofler, Geoffrey, MD</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Early Bereavement on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability</title><title>The American journal of cardiology</title><addtitle>Am J Cardiol</addtitle><description>Early bereavement is associated with increased cardiovascular events. The mechanism, however, has not been well studied. We assessed whether bereavement is associated with an increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability that might contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. A total of 78 bereaved spouses and parents (55 women and 23 men; aged 34 to 87 years, mean 65) were studied with 24-hour Holter monitoring within 2 weeks of bereavement (acute) and at 6 months. Their findings were compared to those from a nonbereaved reference group (52 women and 27 men) aged 33 to 91 years (mean 63.6). All participants were in sinus rhythm. We assessed the mean HR, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and both time and frequency domain heart rate variability measures. Acute bereavement was associated with increased 24-hour HR (mean ± SE, 75.1 ± 1.1 vs 70.7 ± 1.0; p = 0.004) and reduced heart rate variability, as indicated by lower standard deviation of the NN intervals index (median 45.4 vs 49.9, p = 0.017), total power (7.78 ± 0.10 vs 8.02 ± 0.09, p = 0.03), very low frequency (7.23 ± 0.09 vs 7.44, p = 0.046) and low frequency (5.76 ± 0.12 vs 6.16 ± 0.09, p = 0.01). At 6 months, the bereaved had a significantly lower HR (p = 0.001) and increased standard deviation of the NN intervals index (p = 0.02), square root of the mean square of differences of successive intervals (p = 0.045), number of interval differences of successive NN intervals >50 ms divided by the number of NN intervals (p = 0.039), low-frequency power (p = 0.02), and high frequency (p = 0.002) compared to the initial acute levels. In conclusion, the present study, the first to report 24-hour HR monitoring in the early weeks of bereavement, has demonstrated increased HR and altered autonomic function that might contribute to the increased cardiovascular events in early bereavement.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Distribution</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Bereavement</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bradycardia - diagnosis</subject><subject>Bradycardia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cardiac arrhythmia</subject><subject>Cardiology. Vascular system</subject><subject>Cardiovascular</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Electrocardiography, Ambulatory - methods</subject><subject>Families & family life</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Heart</subject><subject>Heart attacks</subject><subject>Heart rate</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>Hospitalization</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Likert scale</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Reference Values</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Sex Distribution</subject><subject>Sleep</subject><subject>Standard deviation</subject><subject>Tachycardia - diagnosis</subject><subject>Tachycardia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><issn>0002-9149</issn><issn>1879-1913</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFktuKFDEQhoO4uOPqIygNInjTvTl00smNouvoLiwInm5DJqlA2j6sSc_CvL01zOjK3mxuQhVf_VX5U4S8YLRhlKnzvnFj710ODaeMN1Q1tJWPyIrpztTMMPGYrCilvDasNafkaSk9hoxJ9YSccq6lMLpdkY_rGMEv1RyrtcvDrvoAGdwtjDBhcqouweWl-uoWqNwU_g9_upzcJg1p2T0jJ9ENBZ4f7zPy49P6-8Vlff3l89XF--vaCyOWWjsDnMtNoIEaGaPiHSjupWJeyhCU5F1HVcuo0BHT2uvOadGGDihCVIoz8uage5Pn31soix1T8TAMboJ5WyzDo5XgTCP66h7az9s84XRIic5QJVqGlDxQPs-lZIj2JqfR5Z1l1O5ttr092mz3NluqLNqMdS-P6tvNCOFf1V9fEXh9BFzxbojZTT6VO05JpbhUyL07cIC23SbItvgEk4eQMn6LDXN6cJS39xT8kKaETX_BDsrdq23BGvttvxP7lWAoooRR4g8dHK61</recordid><startdate>20121101</startdate><enddate>20121101</enddate><creator>Buckley, Thomas, PhD</creator><creator>Stannard, Angela, BAppSc</creator><creator>Bartrop, Roger, MD</creator><creator>McKinley, Sharon, PhD</creator><creator>Ward, Christopher, PhD</creator><creator>Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, PhD</creator><creator>Morel-Kopp, Marie-Christie, PhD</creator><creator>Spinaze, Monica, DipN</creator><creator>Tofler, Geoffrey, MD</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121101</creationdate><title>Effect of Early Bereavement on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability</title><author>Buckley, Thomas, PhD ; Stannard, Angela, BAppSc ; Bartrop, Roger, MD ; McKinley, Sharon, PhD ; Ward, Christopher, PhD ; Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, PhD ; Morel-Kopp, Marie-Christie, PhD ; Spinaze, Monica, DipN ; Tofler, Geoffrey, MD</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c393t-8a9e225bd0d095ff627e62c561c55dd652770641038f2c58c87a834d7e0c56053</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Distribution</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Bereavement</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Bradycardia - diagnosis</topic><topic>Bradycardia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cardiac arrhythmia</topic><topic>Cardiology. Vascular system</topic><topic>Cardiovascular</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Electrocardiography, Ambulatory - methods</topic><topic>Families & family life</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Heart</topic><topic>Heart attacks</topic><topic>Heart rate</topic><topic>Heart Rate - physiology</topic><topic>Hospitalization</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Likert scale</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Reference Values</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Sex Distribution</topic><topic>Sleep</topic><topic>Standard deviation</topic><topic>Tachycardia - diagnosis</topic><topic>Tachycardia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Buckley, Thomas, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stannard, Angela, BAppSc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bartrop, Roger, MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKinley, Sharon, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ward, Christopher, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morel-Kopp, Marie-Christie, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spinaze, Monica, DipN</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tofler, Geoffrey, MD</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Proquest)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>ProQuest research library</collection><collection>Biochemistry Abstracts 1</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The American journal of cardiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Buckley, Thomas, PhD</au><au>Stannard, Angela, BAppSc</au><au>Bartrop, Roger, MD</au><au>McKinley, Sharon, PhD</au><au>Ward, Christopher, PhD</au><au>Mihailidou, Anastasia Susie, PhD</au><au>Morel-Kopp, Marie-Christie, PhD</au><au>Spinaze, Monica, DipN</au><au>Tofler, Geoffrey, MD</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Early Bereavement on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability</atitle><jtitle>The American journal of cardiology</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Cardiol</addtitle><date>2012-11-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>110</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>1378</spage><epage>1383</epage><pages>1378-1383</pages><issn>0002-9149</issn><eissn>1879-1913</eissn><coden>AJCDAG</coden><abstract>Early bereavement is associated with increased cardiovascular events. The mechanism, however, has not been well studied. We assessed whether bereavement is associated with an increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability that might contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. A total of 78 bereaved spouses and parents (55 women and 23 men; aged 34 to 87 years, mean 65) were studied with 24-hour Holter monitoring within 2 weeks of bereavement (acute) and at 6 months. Their findings were compared to those from a nonbereaved reference group (52 women and 27 men) aged 33 to 91 years (mean 63.6). All participants were in sinus rhythm. We assessed the mean HR, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and both time and frequency domain heart rate variability measures. Acute bereavement was associated with increased 24-hour HR (mean ± SE, 75.1 ± 1.1 vs 70.7 ± 1.0; p = 0.004) and reduced heart rate variability, as indicated by lower standard deviation of the NN intervals index (median 45.4 vs 49.9, p = 0.017), total power (7.78 ± 0.10 vs 8.02 ± 0.09, p = 0.03), very low frequency (7.23 ± 0.09 vs 7.44, p = 0.046) and low frequency (5.76 ± 0.12 vs 6.16 ± 0.09, p = 0.01). At 6 months, the bereaved had a significantly lower HR (p = 0.001) and increased standard deviation of the NN intervals index (p = 0.02), square root of the mean square of differences of successive intervals (p = 0.045), number of interval differences of successive NN intervals >50 ms divided by the number of NN intervals (p = 0.039), low-frequency power (p = 0.02), and high frequency (p = 0.002) compared to the initial acute levels. In conclusion, the present study, the first to report 24-hour HR monitoring in the early weeks of bereavement, has demonstrated increased HR and altered autonomic function that might contribute to the increased cardiovascular events in early bereavement.</abstract><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>22853984</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.045</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Age Distribution Aged Aged, 80 and over Anxiety Bereavement Biological and medical sciences Bradycardia - diagnosis Bradycardia - epidemiology Cardiac arrhythmia Cardiology. Vascular system Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology Cohort Studies Electrocardiography, Ambulatory - methods Families & family life Female Follow-Up Studies Fourier transforms Heart Heart attacks Heart rate Heart Rate - physiology Hospitalization Humans Incidence Likert scale Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Prospective Studies Questionnaires Reference Values Risk Assessment Sex Distribution Sleep Standard deviation Tachycardia - diagnosis Tachycardia - epidemiology Time Factors |
title | Effect of Early Bereavement on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability |
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