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The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review
In recent years their has been an increased use of antifungal agents and has resulted in the development of resistance to drugs. Currently, use of standard antifungal therapies can be limited because of toxicity, low efficacy rates. Different types of mechanisms contribute to the development of resi...
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| Published in: | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 2012-10, Vol.20 (19), p.5678-5698 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
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| cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-c33389bc3de7ce24e2f811b7865f7c1ecebf71acbf42849935256895de88dba73 |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-c33389bc3de7ce24e2f811b7865f7c1ecebf71acbf42849935256895de88dba73 |
| container_end_page | 5698 |
| container_issue | 19 |
| container_start_page | 5678 |
| container_title | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry |
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| creator | Kathiravan, Muthu K Salake, Amol B Chothe, Aparna S Dudhe, Prashik B Watode, Rahul P Mukta, Maheshwar S Gadhwe, Sandeep |
| description | In recent years their has been an increased use of antifungal agents and has resulted in the development of resistance to drugs. Currently, use of standard antifungal therapies can be limited because of toxicity, low efficacy rates. Different types of mechanisms contribute to the development of resistance to antifungals. This has given raise to search for a new heterocycle with distinct action or multitargeted combination therapy. This review addresses the areas such as the underlying mechanisms, eight different targets such as ergosterol synthesis, chitin synthesis, ergosterol disruptors, glucan synthesis, squalene epoxidase, nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, microtubules synthesis. The clinically employed drugs along with the current research work going on worldwide on different heterocycles are discussed. In recent advances various heterocycles including imidazole, benzimidazole etc., twenty three scaffolds and their lead identification are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.045 |
| format | article |
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Currently, use of standard antifungal therapies can be limited because of toxicity, low efficacy rates. Different types of mechanisms contribute to the development of resistance to antifungals. This has given raise to search for a new heterocycle with distinct action or multitargeted combination therapy. This review addresses the areas such as the underlying mechanisms, eight different targets such as ergosterol synthesis, chitin synthesis, ergosterol disruptors, glucan synthesis, squalene epoxidase, nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, microtubules synthesis. The clinically employed drugs along with the current research work going on worldwide on different heterocycles are discussed. In recent advances various heterocycles including imidazole, benzimidazole etc., twenty three scaffolds and their lead identification are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0968-0896</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-3391</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.045</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22902032</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents ; Antifungal agents ; Antifungal Agents - chemistry ; Antifungal Agents - pharmacology ; Antifungal Agents - therapeutic use ; Azoles - chemistry ; Azoles - pharmacology ; Azoles - therapeutic use ; Benzimidazole ; Biological and medical sciences ; Chitin ; Drug development ; Drug resistance ; Drugs ; Ergosterol ; Fungi - drug effects ; Fungi - metabolism ; glucans ; Heterocycles azoles ; Humans ; imidazole ; Imidazoles ; Imidazoles - chemistry ; Imidazoles - pharmacology ; Imidazoles - therapeutic use ; Lead ; Medical sciences ; Microtubules ; Mycoses - drug therapy ; nucleic acids ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Protein biosynthesis ; Reviews ; scaffolds ; Squalene monooxygenase ; Toxicity</subject><ispartof>Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2012-10, Vol.20 (19), p.5678-5698</ispartof><rights>2012 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-c33389bc3de7ce24e2f811b7865f7c1ecebf71acbf42849935256895de88dba73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-c33389bc3de7ce24e2f811b7865f7c1ecebf71acbf42849935256895de88dba73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26437038$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22902032$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kathiravan, Muthu K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salake, Amol B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chothe, Aparna S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dudhe, Prashik B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watode, Rahul P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mukta, Maheshwar S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gadhwe, Sandeep</creatorcontrib><title>The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review</title><title>Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry</title><addtitle>Bioorg Med Chem</addtitle><description>In recent years their has been an increased use of antifungal agents and has resulted in the development of resistance to drugs. Currently, use of standard antifungal therapies can be limited because of toxicity, low efficacy rates. Different types of mechanisms contribute to the development of resistance to antifungals. This has given raise to search for a new heterocycle with distinct action or multitargeted combination therapy. This review addresses the areas such as the underlying mechanisms, eight different targets such as ergosterol synthesis, chitin synthesis, ergosterol disruptors, glucan synthesis, squalene epoxidase, nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, microtubules synthesis. The clinically employed drugs along with the current research work going on worldwide on different heterocycles are discussed. In recent advances various heterocycles including imidazole, benzimidazole etc., twenty three scaffolds and their lead identification are discussed.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents</subject><subject>Antifungal agents</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Azoles - chemistry</subject><subject>Azoles - pharmacology</subject><subject>Azoles - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Benzimidazole</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Chitin</subject><subject>Drug development</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Ergosterol</subject><subject>Fungi - drug effects</subject><subject>Fungi - metabolism</subject><subject>glucans</subject><subject>Heterocycles azoles</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>imidazole</subject><subject>Imidazoles</subject><subject>Imidazoles - chemistry</subject><subject>Imidazoles - pharmacology</subject><subject>Imidazoles - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Microtubules</subject><subject>Mycoses - drug therapy</subject><subject>nucleic acids</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Protein biosynthesis</subject><subject>Reviews</subject><subject>scaffolds</subject><subject>Squalene monooxygenase</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><issn>0968-0896</issn><issn>1464-3391</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kMtKAzEUhoMotlYfwI3MRnAzNbeZSXRVijcouKnrkMmctClz0WRG6dub0qo74YcDh-8cfj6ELgmeEkzy2820bMyUYkKnmMdkR2hMeM5TxiQ5RmMsc5FiIfMROgthgzGmXJJTNKJUYooZHSOxXENSuq7uVttEt1Vi1tC40Ptt0tm46J0d2pWuE72Ctg93ySzx8Ong6xydWF0HuDjMCXp7fFjOn9PF69PLfLZIDRe0Tw1jTMjSsAoKA5QDtYKQshB5ZgtDwEBpC6JNaTkVXEqW0SwXMqtAiKrUBZugm_3fd999DBB6FesZqGvdQjcERQjNKC0KlkeU7FHjuxA8WPXuXaP9VhGsdsLURkVhaidMYR6TxZurw_uhbKD6vfgxFIHrA6CD0bX1ujUu_HE5ZwVmInL3ew6ijCjIq2ActAYq58H0qurcPzW-AYMThv0</recordid><startdate>20121001</startdate><enddate>20121001</enddate><creator>Kathiravan, Muthu K</creator><creator>Salake, Amol B</creator><creator>Chothe, Aparna S</creator><creator>Dudhe, Prashik B</creator><creator>Watode, Rahul P</creator><creator>Mukta, Maheshwar S</creator><creator>Gadhwe, Sandeep</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121001</creationdate><title>The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review</title><author>Kathiravan, Muthu K ; Salake, Amol B ; Chothe, Aparna S ; Dudhe, Prashik B ; Watode, Rahul P ; Mukta, Maheshwar S ; Gadhwe, Sandeep</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-c33389bc3de7ce24e2f811b7865f7c1ecebf71acbf42849935256895de88dba73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents</topic><topic>Antifungal agents</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Azoles - chemistry</topic><topic>Azoles - pharmacology</topic><topic>Azoles - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Benzimidazole</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Chitin</topic><topic>Drug development</topic><topic>Drug resistance</topic><topic>Drugs</topic><topic>Ergosterol</topic><topic>Fungi - drug effects</topic><topic>Fungi - metabolism</topic><topic>glucans</topic><topic>Heterocycles azoles</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>imidazole</topic><topic>Imidazoles</topic><topic>Imidazoles - chemistry</topic><topic>Imidazoles - pharmacology</topic><topic>Imidazoles - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Microtubules</topic><topic>Mycoses - drug therapy</topic><topic>nucleic acids</topic><topic>Pharmacology. 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| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection |
| subjects | Animals Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Antifungal agents Antifungal Agents - chemistry Antifungal Agents - pharmacology Antifungal Agents - therapeutic use Azoles - chemistry Azoles - pharmacology Azoles - therapeutic use Benzimidazole Biological and medical sciences Chitin Drug development Drug resistance Drugs Ergosterol Fungi - drug effects Fungi - metabolism glucans Heterocycles azoles Humans imidazole Imidazoles Imidazoles - chemistry Imidazoles - pharmacology Imidazoles - therapeutic use Lead Medical sciences Microtubules Mycoses - drug therapy nucleic acids Pharmacology. Drug treatments Protein biosynthesis Reviews scaffolds Squalene monooxygenase Toxicity |
| title | The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review |
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