Crystallization fouling of CaCO3 – Analysis of experimental thermal resistance and its uncertainty

• Published in: International journal of heat and mass transfer 2012-11, Vol.55 (23-24), p.6927-6937
• Main Authors: Pääkkönen, T.M., Riihimäki, M., Simonson, C.J., Muurinen, E., Keiski, R.L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Bulk crystallization; Calcium carbonate; Confidence intervals; Crystallization; Crystallization fouling; Devices using thermal energy; Energy; Energy. Thermal use of fuels; Exact sciences and technology; Experimental uncertainty; Fouling; Heat exchangers (included heat transformers, condensers, cooling towers); Nucleation; Thermal resistance; Uncertainty; Walls
• ISSN: 0017-9310; 1879-2189
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.07.006

Crystallization fouling occurs when dissolved salts precipitate from an aqueous solution. In the case of inversely soluble salts, like calcium carbonate (CaCO3), this may lead to crystal growth on heated walls. Crystallization may also take place in the bulk solution either via homogeneous nucleation or heterogeneous nucleation on suspended material. In this paper, surface crystallization of CaCO3 and crystallization in the bulk fluid and its effect on the fouling rate on a heated wall are studied. The fouling experiments are done in a laboratory scale set-up of a flat plate heat exchanger. Accuracy of the results is analyzed by uncertainty analysis. SEM and XRD are used to determine the morphology and the composition of the deposited material. The uncertainty analysis shows that the bias and precision uncertainties in the measured wall temperature are the largest source of uncertainty in the experiments. The total uncertainty in the fouling resistance in the studied case was found to be ±13.5% at the 95% confidence level, which is considered to be acceptable. Surface crystallization rate is found to be controlled by the wall temperature indicating that the surface integration dominates the fouling process. The flow velocity affects the fouling rate especially at high wall temperature by decreasing the fouling rate with increasing flow velocity. Crystallization to the bulk fluid is found to enhance significantly the fouling rate on the surface when compared to a case in which fouling is due to crystal growth on the surface.