Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM sub(2.5) and PM sub(10) in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

This paper presents the first comprehensive investigation of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 and 10 microns (PM sub(2.5) and PM sub(10)) composition and sources in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a multi-week multiple sites sampling campaign in Jeddah between Jun...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Atmospheric pollution research 2012-07, Vol.3 (3), p.331-340
Main Authors: Khodeir, M, Shamy, M, Alghamdi, M, Zhong, M, Sun, H, Costa, M, Chen, L-C, Maciejczyk, P
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aerosols
Air pollution
Atmospheric chemistry models
Atmospheric pollution
Atmospheric pollution models
Atmospheric pollution research
Combustion
Fluorescence
Lead
Marine aerosols
Oil
Particle size
Particulate matter in urban air
Particulates
Soil
Spatial variability
Urban atmospheric pollution
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Summary:This paper presents the first comprehensive investigation of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 and 10 microns (PM sub(2.5) and PM sub(10)) composition and sources in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a multi-week multiple sites sampling campaign in Jeddah between June and September, 2011, and analyzed samples by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The overall mean mass concentration was 28.4 plus or minus 25.4 mu g m super(-3) for PM sub(2.5) and 87.3 plus or minus 47.3 mu g m super(-3) for PM sub(10), with significant temporal and spatial variability. The average ratio of PM sub(2.5)/PM sub(10) was 0.33. Chemical composition data were modeled using factor analysis with Varimax orthogonal rotation to determine five and four particle source categories contributing significant amount of for PM sub(2.5) and PM sub(10) mass, respectively. In both PM sub(2.5) and PM sub(10) sources were (1) heavy oil combustion characterized by high Ni and V; (2) re-suspended soil characterized by high concentrations of Ca, Fe, Al, and Si; and (3) a mixed industrial source. The two other sources in PM sub(2.5) were (4) traffic source identified by presence of Pb, Br, and Se; (5) other industrial source mixture; while in PM sub(10) it was marine aerosol. To estimate the mass contributions of each individual source category, the PM mass concentration was regressed against the factor scores. Cumulatively, re-suspended soil and oil combustion contributed 77 and 82% mass of PM sub(2.5) and PM sub(10), respectively.
ISSN:1309-1042
1309-1042
DOI:10.5094/APR.2012.037