In vitro and structural evaluation of PL-100 as a potential second-generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor

• Published in: Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2013-01, Vol.68 (1), p.105-112
• Main Authors: Asahchop, Eugene L, Oliveira, Maureen, Quashie, Peter K, Moisi, Daniela, Martinez-Cajas, Jorge L, Brenner, Bluma G, Tremblay, Cecile L, Wainberg, Mark A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amino acids; Antibiotics; Antiviral activity; Carbamates - chemistry; Carbamates - metabolism; Carbamates - pharmacology; Drug resistance; Enzymes; HIV; HIV Protease - genetics; HIV Protease - metabolism; HIV Protease Inhibitors - chemistry; HIV Protease Inhibitors - metabolism; HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology; HIV-1 - drug effects; HIV-1 - enzymology; HIV-1 - genetics; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Humans; Hydrogen bonding; Hydrogen bonds; Hydrophobicity; Lysine; Mutation; Mutation - genetics; Oxygen; Protease inhibitors; Proteinase inhibitors; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonamides - chemistry; Sulfonamides - metabolism; Sulfonamides - pharmacology; Tissue culture
• ISSN: 0305-7453; 1460-2091
• DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks342

HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) are key components of HIV therapy. PL-100 is a novel lysine sulphonamide that demonstrates potent antiviral activity against multiresistant HIV-1 strains as well as a higher genetic barrier for development of resistance mutations compared with first-generation PIs. In the present study, we compared the antiviral activity of PL-100 against HIV-1 subtype B with that of darunavir. We used tissue culture experiments to evaluate the in vitro development of resistance to PL-100 and tested the antiviral activity of several clinically approved PIs against PL-100-selected resistant variants. Structural modelling was also used to compare the binding of PL-100 and darunavir to the HIV-1 protease (PR) enzyme. PL-100-resistant variants that emerged within 8-48 weeks showed low- to high-level resistance (3.5- to 21.6-fold) to PL-100, but commonly retained susceptibility to darunavir, which, in contrast, did not select for resistance mutations over a period of 40 weeks. Structural modelling demonstrated that binding of PL-100 was predominantly based on polar interactions and delocalized hydrophobic interactions through its diphenyl groups, while darunavir has numerous interactions with PR that include hydrogen bonding to PR backbone oxygens at amino acid positions A28, D29 and D30 via di-tetrahydrofuran (di-THF) groups. Hydrogen-bonding contacts and the di-THF group in darunavir, as well as the hydrophobic nature of PL-100, contribute to PI binding and a high genetic barrier for resistance. Redesigning the structure of PL-100 to include a di-THF group might improve it.