Pheromone-Based Monitoring of Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Populations in Concord Grape Vineyards

• Published in: Journal of economic entomology 2013-02, Vol.106 (1), p.482-490
• Main Authors: Bahder, B. W, Naidu, R. A, Daane, K. M, Millar, J. G, Walsh, D. B
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: adults; Animals; bait traps; Environmental Monitoring; flight; Flight, Animal; grape; grapes; Hemiptera; Male; males; mealybug; monitoring; pests; phenology; pheromone; pheromone traps; Pheromones; population; Pseudococcus longispinus; Pseudococcus maritimus; Pseudococcus viburni; SAMPLING AND BIOSTATISTICS; sex pheromones; surveys; vineyards; viruses; Vitis; Vitis labrusca; Washington state vineyard
• ISSN: 0022-0493; 1938-291X; 0022-0493
• DOI: 10.1603/EC12138

The grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), is the dominant mealybug in Washington's Concord grape vineyards (Vitis labrusca L.). It is a direct pest of fruit clusters and a vector of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses. Using traps baited with the sex pheromone of Ps. maritimus, we determined the optimal trap density for monitoring Ps. maritimus, with the goal of providing a more rapid monitoring method for Ps. maritimus than visual surveys. Varying densities of pheromone-baited traps (one, four, and eight traps per 12.14 ha) were deployed in Concord vineyards to monitor Ps. maritimus seasonal phenology in 2010 and 2011. In both years, flights of adult males were detected in early May and captures peaked twice per season in mid-June and mid-August, indicating two generations each year. Trap data were analyzed using Taylor's Power Law, Iwao's patchiness regression, and the K parameter of the negative binomial model to determine optimal sample size. The formula using the K parameter provided the lowest required sample size, showing that four to eight traps per 12.14 ha were needed to provide 30% sampling precision efficiency throughout the entire season. Fewer traps were needed during flight peaks when trap capture numbers were great. Only one pheromone-baited trap per 12.14 ha was sufficient to provide Ps. maritimus flight phenology data to make informed management decisions. Species-specific pheromone-baited traps deployed for Pianococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) did not detect any of these species in the vineyards sampled.