Biofeedback Assisted Control of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as a Biobehavioral Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Preliminary Study

• Published in: Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 2013-03, Vol.38 (1), p.1-9
• Main Authors: Patron, Elisabetta, Messerotti Benvenuti, Simone, Favretto, Giuseppe, Valfrè, Carlo, Bonfà, Carlotta, Gasparotto, Renata, Palomba, Daniela
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Anxiety; Arrhythmia; Behavior modification; Behavioral Science and Psychology; Biofeedback; Biofeedback training; Biofeedback, Psychology - methods; Cardiac arrhythmia; Cardiovascular disease; Coronary vessels; Demography; Depression; Depression - physiopathology; Depression - psychology; Depression - therapy; Depression, Mental; Feedback; Female; Health Psychology; Heart; Heart attacks; Heart rate; Heart surgery; Humans; Intervention; Male; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Mental depression; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Mortality; Nervous system; Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiopathology; Postoperative Period; Psychology; Psychotherapy and Counseling; Public Health; Rehabilitation; Respiration; Respiratory Rate - physiology; Sinus; Sinuses; Surgery; Thoracic Surgical Procedures - psychology; Treatment Outcome; Vagus nerve; Vein & artery diseases
• ISSN: 1090-0586; 1573-3270
• DOI: 10.1007/s10484-012-9202-5

The current study investigated whether biofeedback training aimed at increasing respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a measure of cardiac vagal modulation, can reduce depressive symptoms in patients after cardiac surgery. This randomized controlled study enrolled 26 patients after first-time cardiac surgery. The patients were randomly assigned to an RSA-biofeedback group ( N  = 13) or to a treatment as usual group ( N  = 13). The biofeedback training consisted of five 45 min sessions designed to increase RSA. The outcome was assessed as changes in RSA and in the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CES-D) values from pre- to post-training. Both groups were comparable for demographic and biomedical characteristics. RSA increased significantly in patients who underwent RSA-biofeedback compared to controls. Moreover, the CES-D scores were reduced significantly from pre- to post-training in the RSA-biofeedback group compared to the controls. Changes in RSA were inversely related to changes in CES-D scores from pre- to post-training. These findings extend the effectiveness of RSA-biofeedback for increasing vagal modulation as well as for reducing depressive symptoms in post-surgical patients. Overall, the current study also suggests that this biobehavioral intervention may add to the efficacy of postoperative risk reduction programs and rehabilitation protocols in cardiac surgery patients.