A low-cost paper-based inkjet-printed platform for electrochemical analyses

An electrode platform printed on a recyclable low-cost paper substrate was characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The working and counter electrodes were directly printed gold-stripes, while the reference electrode was a printed silver stripe onto which an AgCl layer was deposited electrochemically...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Chemical, 2013-02, Vol.177, p.153-162
Main Authors: Määttänen, Anni, Vanamo, Ulriika, Ihalainen, Petri, Pulkkinen, Petri, Tenhu, Heikki, Bobacka, Johan, Peltonen, Jouko
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biosensors
chlorides
Cyclic voltammetry
Electrochemical biosensor
Electrochemical cells
electrochemistry
Electrodes
Electropolymerization
glucose
glucose oxidase
gold
Gold electrode
Inkjet printing
Low-cost paper chip
Meshless methods
Platforms
Sensors
Silver
thiols
Voltammetry
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Summary:An electrode platform printed on a recyclable low-cost paper substrate was characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The working and counter electrodes were directly printed gold-stripes, while the reference electrode was a printed silver stripe onto which an AgCl layer was deposited electrochemically. The novel paper-based chips showed comparable performance to conventional electrochemical cells. Different types of electrode modifications were carried out to demonstrate that the printed electrodes behave similarly with conventional electrodes. Firstly, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkanethiols was successfully formed on the Au electrode surface. As a consequence, the peak currents were suppressed and no longer showed clear increase as a function of the scan rate. Such modified electrodes have potential in various sensor applications when terminally substituted thiols are used. Secondly, a polyaniline film was electropolymerized on the working electrode by cyclic voltammetry and used for potentiometric pH sensing. The calibration curve showed close to Nerstian response. Thirdly, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer was electropolymerized both by galvanostatic and cyclic potential sweep method on the working electrode using two different dopants; Cl− to study ion-to-electron transduction on paper-Au/PEDOT system and glucose oxidase in order to fabricate a glucose biosensor. The planar paper-based electrochemical cell is a user-friendly platform that functions with low sample volume and allows the sample to be applied and changed by e.g. pipetting. Low unit cost is achieved with mask- and mesh-free inkjet-printing technology.
ISSN:0925-4005
1873-3077
DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2012.10.113