Optically transparent and structurally sound silica aerogels: insights from a process study

Aerogels are internally nanostructured materials characterized with a plethora of unique properties. Monoliths with high optical transparency made of silica aerogels were some of the first and still one of the most important classes of aerogels. Experiments and theory indicate that optical transpare...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Advances in materials science 2012-03, Vol.12 (1), p.5-16
Main Authors: Athmuri, Kalyan, Marinov, Val
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aerogels
Autoclaves
Glycerols
Materials science
Nanostructure
silica aerogel
Silica aerogels
Sol gel process
Sound
transparent aerogel monolith
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Summary:Aerogels are internally nanostructured materials characterized with a plethora of unique properties. Monoliths with high optical transparency made of silica aerogels were some of the first and still one of the most important classes of aerogels. Experiments and theory indicate that optical transparency and structural integrity of silica aerogels are negatively correlated. Other than optimal combination of processing conditions during aerogel fabrication can result in either highly transparent but cracked or in crack-free but less transparent and even opaque aerogels monoliths. Results are presented from the study of the relationship between the properties of single-step tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) base-catalyzed silica aerogels and the processing conditions, both at the alcogel preparation step and during the supercritical liquid CO2 drying process. Crack-free aerogel monoliths with good optical transparency were obtained with TMOS:methanol (MeOH) molar ratios of 1:16 and TMOS:ammonia (NH4OH) molar ratios of 1:0.05, CO2-MeOH exchange rates of about 1.25 ml/min, and autoclave decompression rates of 70 KPa/min. Adding glycerol in the sol-gel stage had a positive effect on the aerogel monolithicity but, even without glycerol, crack-free silica aerogels can be obtained by reducing the depressurization rate of the autoclave. A strict control and careful selection of the aerogel's processing conditions within the set of parameters identified will enable the fabrication of structurally sound silica aerogels with good optical properties essential for a number of applications.
ISSN:1730-2439
2083-4799
DOI:10.2478/v10077-012-0001-8