Necrotizing fasciitis: Contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging

• Published in: Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme, 2013-03, Vol.80 (2), p.146-154
• Main Authors: Malghem, Jacques, Lecouvet, Frédéric E, Omoumi, Patrick, Maldague, Baudouin E, Vande Berg, Bruno C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cellulitis; Cellulitis - diagnostic imaging; Cellulitis - pathology; Fasciae; Fasciitis, Necrotizing - diagnostic imaging; Fasciitis, Necrotizing - pathology; Humans; Hypodermal infection; Hypodermis; Internal Medicine; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Necrotizing fasciitis; Rheumatology; Soft-tissue infection; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods
• ISSN: 1297-319X; 1778-7254
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.08.009

Abstract Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare, rapidly spreading, deep-seated infection causing thrombosis of the blood vessels located in the fascia. Necrotizing fasciitis is a surgical emergency. The diagnosis typically relies on clinical findings of severe sepsis and intense pain, although subacute forms may be difficult to recognize. Imaging studies can help to differentiate necrotizing fasciitis from infections located more superficially (dermohypodermitis). The presence of gas within the necrotized fasciae is characteristic but may be lacking. The main finding is thickening of the deep fasciae due to fluid accumulation and reactive hyperemia, which can be visualized using computed tomography and, above all, magnetic resonance imaging (high signal on contrast-enhanced T1 images and T2 images, best seen with fat saturation). These findings lack specificity, as they can be seen in non-necrotizing fasciitis and even in non-inflammatory conditions. Signs that support a diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis include extensive involvement of the deep intermuscular fascias (high sensitivity but low specificity), thickening to more than 3 mm, and partial or complete absence on post-gadolinium images of signal enhancement of the thickened fasciae (fairly high sensitivity and specificity). Ultrasonography is not recommended in adults, as the infiltration of the hypodermis blocks ultrasound transmission. Thus, imaging studies in patients with necrotizing fasciitis may be challenging to interpret. Although imaging may help to confirm deep tissue involvement and to evaluate lesion spread, it should never delay emergency surgical treatment in patients with established necrotizing fasciitis.