Evaluation of seasonality on total water intake, water loss and water balance in the general population in Greece

Background Water balance is achieved when water intake from solid and fluid foods and drinking water meets water losses, mainly in sweat, urine and faeces. Seasonality, particularly in Mediterranean countries that have a hot summer, may affect water loss and consequently water balance. Water balance...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of human nutrition and dietetics 2013-07, Vol.26 (s1), p.90-96
Main Authors: Malisova, O., Bountziouka, V., Panagiotakos, D. Β., Zampelas, A., Kapsokefalou, M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Body Fluids - metabolism
Drinking
Drinking water
Female
Greece
Humans
Hydration
Male
Middle Aged
questionnaire
Seasons
summer
Surveys and Questionnaires
Temperature
Water - metabolism
water balance
Water Balance Questionnaire
water intake
water loss
Water-Electrolyte Balance
winter
Young Adult
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Summary:Background Water balance is achieved when water intake from solid and fluid foods and drinking water meets water losses, mainly in sweat, urine and faeces. Seasonality, particularly in Mediterranean countries that have a hot summer, may affect water loss and consequently water balance. Water balance has not been estimated before on a population level and the effect of seasonality has not been evaluated. The present study aimed to compare water balance, intake and loss in summer and winter in a sample of the general population in Greece. Methods The Water Balance Questionnaire (WBQ) was used to evaluate water balance, estimating water intake and loss in summer (n = 480) and in winter (n = 412) on a stratified sample of the general population in Athens, Greece. Results In winter, mean (SD) water balance was −63 (1478) mL/day−1, mean (SD)water intake was 2892 (987) mL/day−1 and mean (quartile range) water loss was 2637 (1810–3922) mL/day−1. In summer, mean (SD) water balance was −58 (2150) mL/day−1, mean (SD) water intake was 3875 (1373) mL/day−1 and mean (quartile range) water loss was 3635 (2365–5258) mL/day−1. Water balance did not differ between summer and winter (P = 0.96); however, the data distribution was different; in summer, approximately 8% more participants were falling in the low and high water balance categories. Differences in water intake from different sources were identified (P 
ISSN:0952-3871
1365-277X
DOI:10.1111/jhn.12077