Formation and control of emerging C- and N-DBPs in drinking water

A survey of 16 US drinking water treatment plants was conducted regarding the occurrence, formation, and control of emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs), with a focus on drinking waters that were impacted by treated wastewater and/or algae. The formation and control trends of certain emerging ca...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal - American Water Works Association 2012-11, Vol.104 (11), p.E582-E595
Main Authors: Krasner, Stuart W., Mitch, William A., Westerhoff, Paul, Dotson, Aaron
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algae
Amino acids
Biofiltration
By products
Chemical compounds
Chloramines
Chlorination
Chlorine
chloropicrin
Coagulation
cyanogen halide
Disinfection
Disinfection & disinfectants
Disinfection Byproducts
disinfection by‐products
Drinking water
haloacetaldehydes
Haloacetic Acids
haloacetohitriles
NDMA
Nitrosamines
N‐nitrosodimethylamine
Ozonation
Ozone
Polymers
Potable water
Trihalomethanes
Waste byproducts
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment
Water treatment
Water treatment plants
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Summary:A survey of 16 US drinking water treatment plants was conducted regarding the occurrence, formation, and control of emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs), with a focus on drinking waters that were impacted by treated wastewater and/or algae. The formation and control trends of certain emerging carbonaceous (haloacetaldehyde) and nitrogenous (haloacetonitrile, halonitromethane, cyanogen halide, nitrosamine) DBPs were different from those of the regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). This was due to differences in the sources of precursors (e.g., humic substances versus proteinaceous materials) plus differences in the effect of disinfection processes on these DBPs. For example, ozone increased the formation potential (FP) of chloropicrin (median = 226%), whereas biofiltration typically decreased the FP of the ozonated water (median = 48%), which—together with coagulation or softening—resulted (in general) in a net decrease (median = 33%) in FP through the ozone plants. Alternatively, coagulation with the polymer polyDADMAC (a source ofN-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA] precursor) increased the FP of NDMA (43–82%), whereas ozonation often destroyed NDMAFP (median to maximum = 10–87%). This article discusses how utilities can minimize and balance the formation of THMs and haloacetic acids with that of certain emerging DBPs.
ISSN:0003-150X
1551-8833
DOI:10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0148