Desire lies in the eyes: Attention bias for chocolate is related to craving and self-endorsed eating permission

• Published in: Appetite 2013-11, Vol.70, p.81-89
• Main Authors: Werthmann, Jessica, Roefs, Anne, Nederkoorn, Chantal, Jansen, Anita
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Appetite; Attention; Attention - physiology; Body Mass Index; Cacao; Candy; Chocolate; Choice Behavior; Craving; Cues; Eating behaviour; Eating motivation; Eye - metabolism; Eye-tracking; Feeding Behavior - psychology; Female; Food Preferences - psychology; food processing; foods; Humans; ingestion; motivation; Motivation - physiology; students; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taste - physiology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0195-6663; 1095-8304
• DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.06.087

•The impact of perceived availability of chocolate on attention was studied.•Visual attention biases for chocolate were measured using eye-tracking.•High chronic chocolate craving was related to elevated attention for chocolate.•Lack of self-endorsed eating permission was related to reduced attention on chocolate.•Attention for food reflects inter-individual differences in eating motivation. The present study tested the impact of experimentally manipulated perceived availability of chocolate on attention for chocolate stimuli, momentary (state) craving for chocolate and consumption of chocolate in healthy weight female students. It was hypothesized that eating forbiddance would be related to attentional avoidance (thus diminished attention focus on food cues in an attempt to prevent oneself from processing food cues) and that eating motivation would be related to attentional approach (thus maintained attentional focus on food cues). High chronic chocolate cravers (n=40) and low cravers (n=40) participated in one of four perceived availability contexts (required to eat, forbidden to eat, individual choice to eat, and 50% chance to eat) following a brief chocolate exposure. Attention for chocolate was measured using eye-tracking; momentary craving from self-report; and the consumption of chocolate was assessed from direct observation. The perceived availability of chocolate did not significantly influence attention allocation for chocolate stimuli, momentary craving or chocolate intake. High chocolate cravers reported significantly higher momentary craving for chocolate (d=1.29, p