Pyrolysing poultry litter reduces N2O and CO2 fluxes

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2013-11, Vol.465, p.279-287
• Main Authors: Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S.W.L., Morris, S.G., Singh, B.P., Grace, P.R., Scheer, C., Rust, J., Downie, A.E., Cowie, A.L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions; Biochar; Biological and medical sciences; C mineralisation; Crop productivity; Ferrosol; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General agronomy. Plant production; Nitrous oxide; Other nutrients. Amendments. Solid and liquid wastes. Sludges and slurries; Poultry litter; Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.054

Application of poultry litter (PL) to soil can lead to substantial nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to the co-application of labile carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Slow pyrolysis of PL to produce biochar may mitigate N2O emissions from this source, whilst still providing agronomic benefits. In a corn crop on ferrosol with similarly matched available N inputs of ca. 116kgN/ha, PL-biochar plus urea emitted significantly less N2O (1.5kgN2O–N/ha) compared to raw PL at 4.9kgN2O–N/ha. Urea amendment without the PL-biochar emitted 1.2kgN2O–N/ha, and the PL-biochar alone emitted only 0.35kgN2O–N/ha. Both PL and PL-biochar resulted in similar corn yields and total N uptake which was significantly greater than for urea alone. Using stable isotope methodology, the majority (~80%) of N2O emissions were shown to be from non-urea sources. Amendment with raw PL significantly increased C mineralisation and the quantity of permanganate oxidisable organic C. The low molar H/C (0.49) and O/C (0.16) ratios of the PL-biochar suggest its higher stability in soil than raw PL. The PL-biochar also had higher P and K fertiliser value than raw PL. This study suggests that PL-biochar is a valuable soil amendment with the potential to significantly reduce emissions of soil greenhouse gases compared to the raw product. Contrary to other studies, PL-biochar incorporated to 100mm did not reduce N2O emissions from surface applied urea, which suggests that further field evaluation of biochar impacts, and methods of application of both biochar and fertiliser, are needed. ► Raw poultry litter (PL) had higher N2O flux cf. PL-biochar or urea at similar N rates. ► PL increased labile C in soil and had higher emissions of CO2 cf. PL-biochar. ► The majority of N2O flux was from non-urea sources and was not influenced by PL-biochar. ► PL-biochar improved plant available P which was linked to greater crop N uptake.