Clinical and neurohormonal correlates and prognostic value of serum prolactin levels in patients with chronic heart failure

• Published in: European journal of heart failure 2013-10, Vol.15 (10), p.1122-1130
• Main Authors: Parissis, John T., Farmakis, Dimitrios, Fountoulaki, Katerina, Rigas, Antonios, Nikolaou, Maria, Paraskevaidis, Ioannis A., Bistola, Vassiliki, Venetsanou, Koula, Ikonomidis, Ignatios, Anastasiou-Nana, Maria, Kremastinos, Dimitrios T., Filippatos, Gerasimos
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Chronic Disease; cytokines; Cytokines - immunology; depression; Depression - metabolism; Depression - psychology; Exercise Test; Fas Ligand Protein - immunology; Female; heart failure; Heart Failure - metabolism; Heart Failure - mortality; Heart Failure - psychology; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - metabolism; Interleukin-10 - immunology; Interleukin-6 - immunology; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain - blood; Pituitary-Adrenal System - metabolism; Prognosis; prolactin; Prolactin - blood; Proportional Hazards Models; Severity of Illness Index; Stroke Volume - physiology; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - immunology
• ISSN: 1388-9842; 1879-0844
• DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft070

Aims Hypothalamic axis deregulation is associated with clinical severity and depression in chronic heart failure (CHF). We investigated the relationship of serum prolactin, an indicator of hypothalamic axis function, to neurohomonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms in CHF as well as its prognostic value. Methods and results Serum prolactin was determined in 180 patients with advanced CHF (aged 65 ± 12 years, mean LVEF 27 ± 7%) along with natriuretic peptides (BNP), inflammatory cytokines, endothelial adhesion molecules, 6 min walk test (6MWT), and the Zung self‐rating depression scale (SDS). Patients were followed for all‐cause death or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons for up to 8 months. Prolactin levels were significantly correlated with NYHA class (r = 0.394, P < 0.001), LVEF (r = –0.314, P < 0.001), 6MWT (r = –0.353, P < 0.001), BNP (r = 0.374, P < 0.001), Zung SDS (r = 0.544, P < 0.001), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (r = 0.451, P < 0.001), IL‐10 (r = –0.426, P < 0.001), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (r = 0.310, P = 0.001), soluble Fas (r = 0.333, P < 0.001), soluble Fas‐ligand (r = 0.517, P < 0.001), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) (r = 0.409, P < 0.001), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) (r = 0.480, P < 0.001). During follow‐up, 119 patients (66%) died or were hospitalized for cardiovascular events after a median time of 72 days (range 5–220 days); these patients had higher baseline prolactin levels (10.2 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 4.3 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and a prolactin value ≥4.5 ng/mL was associated with a higher rate of death or hospitalization (116 ± 7 vs. 181 ± 11 days, P = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, prolactin levels remained an independent predictor of death or hospitalization (