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Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population
Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential toxic metal which is widely distributed in the environment. The general population is exposed to low levels of Cd and the kidney is the organ most sensitive to Cd toxicity. This study was performed to simultaneously evaluate Cd exposure, kidney function, and oxidative...
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Published in: | Environmental toxicology 2013-10, Vol.28 (10), p.563-570 |
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creator | Huang, Mingai Choi, Seong-Jin Kim, Dong-Won Kim, Na-Young Bae, Hye-Sun Yu, Seung-Do Kim, Dae-Seon Kim, Heon Choi, Byung-Sun Yu, Il-Je Park, Jung-Duck |
description | Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential toxic metal which is widely distributed in the environment. The general population is exposed to low levels of Cd and the kidney is the organ most sensitive to Cd toxicity. This study was performed to simultaneously evaluate Cd exposure, kidney function, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the general population. A total of 643 adults were interviewed to document demographic characteristics, lifestyles, past‐medical history, and diet during the last 24 h. We estimated daily Cd intake based on the diet of study subjects who had not been exposed to Cd occupationally. Whole blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed to determine Cd concentrations and kidney function indices (β2‐microglobulin [β2‐MG], N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase [NAG], metallothionein [MT]). The oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde [MDA]) was determined from the urine. The daily Cd intake from diet was established as 7.07 μg/day. The mean concentration of Cd measured in the blood was 1.22 μg/L and urine was 0.95 μg/g creatinine. The concentrations of Cd in blood and urine were higher in females than in males. The blood levels of Cd were affected by sex, age, and smoking, and urine Cd was influenced by sex, age, and blood Cd. The urine Cd was positively correlated with MT, NAG activity, and MDA in females, but with NAG only in males. The blood Cd was associated with MT in males. Increased NAG activity was observed when Cd in urine reached 1.0 μg Cd/g creatinine and was also affected by age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Urinary MT only responded to Cd in urine or blood. In summary, exposure to Cd in the general population was influenced by various factors including sex, age, and smoking habits. Such exposure might eventually cause tubular damage in the kidneys through the oxidative stress mechanism, and females might be more susceptible than males to Cd exposure under the environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 563–570, 2013. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1002/tox.20750 |
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The general population is exposed to low levels of Cd and the kidney is the organ most sensitive to Cd toxicity. This study was performed to simultaneously evaluate Cd exposure, kidney function, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the general population. A total of 643 adults were interviewed to document demographic characteristics, lifestyles, past‐medical history, and diet during the last 24 h. We estimated daily Cd intake based on the diet of study subjects who had not been exposed to Cd occupationally. Whole blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed to determine Cd concentrations and kidney function indices (β2‐microglobulin [β2‐MG], N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase [NAG], metallothionein [MT]). The oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde [MDA]) was determined from the urine. The daily Cd intake from diet was established as 7.07 μg/day. The mean concentration of Cd measured in the blood was 1.22 μg/L and urine was 0.95 μg/g creatinine. The concentrations of Cd in blood and urine were higher in females than in males. The blood levels of Cd were affected by sex, age, and smoking, and urine Cd was influenced by sex, age, and blood Cd. The urine Cd was positively correlated with MT, NAG activity, and MDA in females, but with NAG only in males. The blood Cd was associated with MT in males. Increased NAG activity was observed when Cd in urine reached 1.0 μg Cd/g creatinine and was also affected by age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Urinary MT only responded to Cd in urine or blood. In summary, exposure to Cd in the general population was influenced by various factors including sex, age, and smoking habits. Such exposure might eventually cause tubular damage in the kidneys through the oxidative stress mechanism, and females might be more susceptible than males to Cd exposure under the environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 563–570, 2013.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1520-4081</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1522-7278</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/tox.20750</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21786387</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ETOXFH</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Acetylglucosaminidase - blood ; Acetylglucosaminidase - urine ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Applied ecology ; beta 2-Microglobulin - blood ; beta 2-Microglobulin - urine ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomarkers - blood ; Biomarkers - urine ; blood ; cadmium ; Cadmium - blood ; Cadmium - toxicity ; Cadmium - urine ; Creatinine - urine ; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Humans ; Kidney - drug effects ; Kidney - physiopathology ; kidney function ; Kidney Function Tests ; Male ; Malondialdehyde - urine ; Metallothionein - blood ; Metallothionein - urine ; Middle Aged ; Oxidative Stress ; Sex Factors ; urine</subject><ispartof>Environmental toxicology, 2013-10, Vol.28 (10), p.563-570</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley company</rights><rights>2014 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley company.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4540-d61acf884995347ed652ad4ccb0d16b629fc0b5894a32887829b2a3c329fb5983</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4540-d61acf884995347ed652ad4ccb0d16b629fc0b5894a32887829b2a3c329fb5983</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27876618$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786387$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Huang, Mingai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Seong-Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dong-Won</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Na-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bae, Hye-Sun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Seung-Do</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dae-Seon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Heon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Byung-Sun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Il-Je</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jung-Duck</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population</title><title>Environmental toxicology</title><addtitle>Environ. Toxicol</addtitle><description>Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential toxic metal which is widely distributed in the environment. The general population is exposed to low levels of Cd and the kidney is the organ most sensitive to Cd toxicity. This study was performed to simultaneously evaluate Cd exposure, kidney function, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the general population. A total of 643 adults were interviewed to document demographic characteristics, lifestyles, past‐medical history, and diet during the last 24 h. We estimated daily Cd intake based on the diet of study subjects who had not been exposed to Cd occupationally. Whole blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed to determine Cd concentrations and kidney function indices (β2‐microglobulin [β2‐MG], N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase [NAG], metallothionein [MT]). The oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde [MDA]) was determined from the urine. The daily Cd intake from diet was established as 7.07 μg/day. The mean concentration of Cd measured in the blood was 1.22 μg/L and urine was 0.95 μg/g creatinine. The concentrations of Cd in blood and urine were higher in females than in males. The blood levels of Cd were affected by sex, age, and smoking, and urine Cd was influenced by sex, age, and blood Cd. The urine Cd was positively correlated with MT, NAG activity, and MDA in females, but with NAG only in males. The blood Cd was associated with MT in males. Increased NAG activity was observed when Cd in urine reached 1.0 μg Cd/g creatinine and was also affected by age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Urinary MT only responded to Cd in urine or blood. In summary, exposure to Cd in the general population was influenced by various factors including sex, age, and smoking habits. Such exposure might eventually cause tubular damage in the kidneys through the oxidative stress mechanism, and females might be more susceptible than males to Cd exposure under the environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 563–570, 2013.</description><subject>Acetylglucosaminidase - blood</subject><subject>Acetylglucosaminidase - urine</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>beta 2-Microglobulin - blood</subject><subject>beta 2-Microglobulin - urine</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>Biomarkers - urine</subject><subject>blood</subject><subject>cadmium</subject><subject>Cadmium - blood</subject><subject>Cadmium - toxicity</subject><subject>Cadmium - urine</subject><subject>Creatinine - urine</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Kidney - drug effects</subject><subject>Kidney - physiopathology</subject><subject>kidney function</subject><subject>Kidney Function Tests</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Malondialdehyde - urine</subject><subject>Metallothionein - blood</subject><subject>Metallothionein - urine</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Oxidative Stress</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>urine</subject><issn>1520-4081</issn><issn>1522-7278</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kEtv1TAQhSMEoqVlwR9AlhASLNL6FdtZVqUPpIqyaNWKjTWxHeo2iYMd03v_PbmPFgmJ1Yw03zlndIriHcEHBGN6OIXFAcWywi-KXVJRWkoq1cv1jkuOFdkp3qR0jzGuRSVeFzuUSCWYkruFPfkNXYbJhwGFFrVgphATgpSC8TA5ix79dIcM2N7nHrnFGFKODsFg0YO3g1uiNg9mrfcDmu4c-ukGF6FDYxhzt3beL1610CX3djv3iuvTk6vj8_Li8uzr8dFFaXjFcWkFAdMqxeu6Ylw6KyoKlhvTYEtEI2jdGtxUqubAqFJS0bqhwAybD01VK7ZXfNr4jjH8yi5NuvfJuK6DwYWcNOGspkxiLmb0wz_ofchxmL9bUYQyKuTK8POGMjGkFF2rx-h7iEtNsF5Vr-fq9br6mX2_dcxN7-wz-dT1DHzcApAMdG2Ewfj0l5NKCkFWoYcb7tF3bvn_RH11efsUXW4UPk1u8ayA-KCFZLLSN9_O9PmP75TiL6casz_-bql6</recordid><startdate>201310</startdate><enddate>201310</enddate><creator>Huang, Mingai</creator><creator>Choi, Seong-Jin</creator><creator>Kim, Dong-Won</creator><creator>Kim, Na-Young</creator><creator>Bae, Hye-Sun</creator><creator>Yu, Seung-Do</creator><creator>Kim, Dae-Seon</creator><creator>Kim, Heon</creator><creator>Choi, Byung-Sun</creator><creator>Yu, Il-Je</creator><creator>Park, Jung-Duck</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7TV</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201310</creationdate><title>Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population</title><author>Huang, Mingai ; Choi, Seong-Jin ; Kim, Dong-Won ; Kim, Na-Young ; Bae, Hye-Sun ; Yu, Seung-Do ; Kim, Dae-Seon ; Kim, Heon ; Choi, Byung-Sun ; Yu, Il-Je ; Park, Jung-Duck</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4540-d61acf884995347ed652ad4ccb0d16b629fc0b5894a32887829b2a3c329fb5983</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Acetylglucosaminidase - blood</topic><topic>Acetylglucosaminidase - urine</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Applied ecology</topic><topic>beta 2-Microglobulin - blood</topic><topic>beta 2-Microglobulin - urine</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>Biomarkers - urine</topic><topic>blood</topic><topic>cadmium</topic><topic>Cadmium - blood</topic><topic>Cadmium - toxicity</topic><topic>Cadmium - urine</topic><topic>Creatinine - urine</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Kidney - drug effects</topic><topic>Kidney - physiopathology</topic><topic>kidney function</topic><topic>Kidney Function Tests</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Malondialdehyde - urine</topic><topic>Metallothionein - blood</topic><topic>Metallothionein - urine</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Oxidative Stress</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>urine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Huang, Mingai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Seong-Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dong-Won</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Na-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bae, Hye-Sun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Seung-Do</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dae-Seon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Heon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Byung-Sun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Il-Je</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jung-Duck</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental toxicology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Huang, Mingai</au><au>Choi, Seong-Jin</au><au>Kim, Dong-Won</au><au>Kim, Na-Young</au><au>Bae, Hye-Sun</au><au>Yu, Seung-Do</au><au>Kim, Dae-Seon</au><au>Kim, Heon</au><au>Choi, Byung-Sun</au><au>Yu, Il-Je</au><au>Park, Jung-Duck</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population</atitle><jtitle>Environmental toxicology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Toxicol</addtitle><date>2013-10</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>563</spage><epage>570</epage><pages>563-570</pages><issn>1520-4081</issn><eissn>1522-7278</eissn><coden>ETOXFH</coden><abstract>Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential toxic metal which is widely distributed in the environment. The general population is exposed to low levels of Cd and the kidney is the organ most sensitive to Cd toxicity. This study was performed to simultaneously evaluate Cd exposure, kidney function, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the general population. A total of 643 adults were interviewed to document demographic characteristics, lifestyles, past‐medical history, and diet during the last 24 h. We estimated daily Cd intake based on the diet of study subjects who had not been exposed to Cd occupationally. Whole blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed to determine Cd concentrations and kidney function indices (β2‐microglobulin [β2‐MG], N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase [NAG], metallothionein [MT]). The oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde [MDA]) was determined from the urine. The daily Cd intake from diet was established as 7.07 μg/day. The mean concentration of Cd measured in the blood was 1.22 μg/L and urine was 0.95 μg/g creatinine. The concentrations of Cd in blood and urine were higher in females than in males. The blood levels of Cd were affected by sex, age, and smoking, and urine Cd was influenced by sex, age, and blood Cd. The urine Cd was positively correlated with MT, NAG activity, and MDA in females, but with NAG only in males. The blood Cd was associated with MT in males. Increased NAG activity was observed when Cd in urine reached 1.0 μg Cd/g creatinine and was also affected by age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Urinary MT only responded to Cd in urine or blood. In summary, exposure to Cd in the general population was influenced by various factors including sex, age, and smoking habits. Such exposure might eventually cause tubular damage in the kidneys through the oxidative stress mechanism, and females might be more susceptible than males to Cd exposure under the environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 563–570, 2013.</abstract><cop>Hoboken, NJ</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>21786387</pmid><doi>10.1002/tox.20750</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acetylglucosaminidase - blood Acetylglucosaminidase - urine Adult Age Factors Aged Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology beta 2-Microglobulin - blood beta 2-Microglobulin - urine Biological and medical sciences Biomarkers - blood Biomarkers - urine blood cadmium Cadmium - blood Cadmium - toxicity Cadmium - urine Creatinine - urine Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Humans Kidney - drug effects Kidney - physiopathology kidney function Kidney Function Tests Male Malondialdehyde - urine Metallothionein - blood Metallothionein - urine Middle Aged Oxidative Stress Sex Factors urine |
title | Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population |
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