The influence of inequality on the standard of living: Worldwide anthropometric evidence from the 19th and 20th centuries

• Published in: Economics and human biology 2013-12, Vol.11 (4), p.436-452
• Main Author: Blum, Matthias
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anthropometry; Biological standard of living; Body Height; Global Health; Height; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Income - history; Income - statistics & numerical data; Income distribution; Inequality; Male; Socioeconomic Factors - history; Welfare
• ISSN: 1570-677X; 1873-6130
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2012.12.002

► This paper sets out to provide empirical evidence on the existence of the Pigou–Dalton principle. ► Our empirical results indicate that height inequality is negatively correlated with average height. ► The robustness of this relationship is tested by performing several robustness checks, including two instrument variable regressions. ► Starting in the 1940s the negative influence of inequality increases. We provide empirical evidence on the existence of the Pigou–Dalton principle. The latter indicates that aggregate welfare is – ceteris paribus – maximized when incomes of all individuals are equalized (and therefore marginal utility from income is as well). Using anthropometric panel data on 101 countries during the 19th and 20th centuries, we determine that there is a systematic negative and concave relationship between height inequality and average height. The robustness of this relationship is tested by means of several robustness checks, including two instrument variable regressions. These findings help to elucidate the impact of economic inequality on welfare.