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The effects of gait strategy on metabolic rate and indicators of stability during downhill walking
Abstract When walking at a given speed, humans often appear to prefer gait patterns that minimize metabolic rate, thereby maximizing metabolic economy. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that humans do not maximize economy when walking downhill. The purpose of this study was to investigat...
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Published in: | Journal of biomechanics 2012-07, Vol.45 (11), p.1928-1933 |
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container_end_page | 1933 |
container_issue | 11 |
container_start_page | 1928 |
container_title | Journal of biomechanics |
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creator | Monsch, E.D Franz, C.O Dean, J.C |
description | Abstract When walking at a given speed, humans often appear to prefer gait patterns that minimize metabolic rate, thereby maximizing metabolic economy. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that humans do not maximize economy when walking downhill. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this non-metabolically optimal behavior is the result of a trade-off between metabolic economy and gait stability. We hypothesized that humans have the ability to modulate their gait strategy to increase either metabolic economy or stability, but that increase in one measure will be accompanied by decrease in the other. Subjects walked downhill using gait strategies ranging from risky to conservative, which were either prescribed by verbal instructions or induced by the threat of perturbations. We quantified spatiotemporal gait characteristics, metabolic rate and several indicators of stability previously associated with fall risk: stride period variability; step width variability; Lyapunov exponents; Floquet multipliers; and stride period fractal index. When subjects walked using conservative gait strategies, stride periods and lengths decreased, metabolic rate increased, and anteroposterior maximum Lyapunov exponents increased, which has previously been interpreted as an indicator of decreased stability. These results do not provide clear support for the proposed trade-off between economy and stability, particularly when stability is approximated using complex metrics. However, several gait pattern changes previously linked to increased fall risk were observed when our healthy subjects walked with a conservative strategy, suggesting that these changes may be a response to, rather than a cause of, increased fall risk. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.05.024 |
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However, recent experiments have demonstrated that humans do not maximize economy when walking downhill. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this non-metabolically optimal behavior is the result of a trade-off between metabolic economy and gait stability. We hypothesized that humans have the ability to modulate their gait strategy to increase either metabolic economy or stability, but that increase in one measure will be accompanied by decrease in the other. Subjects walked downhill using gait strategies ranging from risky to conservative, which were either prescribed by verbal instructions or induced by the threat of perturbations. We quantified spatiotemporal gait characteristics, metabolic rate and several indicators of stability previously associated with fall risk: stride period variability; step width variability; Lyapunov exponents; Floquet multipliers; and stride period fractal index. When subjects walked using conservative gait strategies, stride periods and lengths decreased, metabolic rate increased, and anteroposterior maximum Lyapunov exponents increased, which has previously been interpreted as an indicator of decreased stability. These results do not provide clear support for the proposed trade-off between economy and stability, particularly when stability is approximated using complex metrics. However, several gait pattern changes previously linked to increased fall risk were observed when our healthy subjects walked with a conservative strategy, suggesting that these changes may be a response to, rather than a cause of, increased fall risk.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-9290</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2380</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.05.024</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22677338</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Balance ; Biological and medical sciences ; Energetic cost ; Energy consumption ; Energy Metabolism - physiology ; Female ; Fitness equipment ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gait ; Gait - physiology ; Humans ; Medical research ; Metabolic rate ; Metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Oxygen Consumption - physiology ; Physical Exertion - physiology ; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ; Stability ; Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. 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All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Limited 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c542t-9172a5394100b420fca553291dbf78564d795f3573745f900e2cc5a5fe8105613</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c542t-9172a5394100b420fca553291dbf78564d795f3573745f900e2cc5a5fe8105613</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26161349$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22677338$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Monsch, E.D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Franz, C.O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dean, J.C</creatorcontrib><title>The effects of gait strategy on metabolic rate and indicators of stability during downhill walking</title><title>Journal of biomechanics</title><addtitle>J Biomech</addtitle><description>Abstract When walking at a given speed, humans often appear to prefer gait patterns that minimize metabolic rate, thereby maximizing metabolic economy. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that humans do not maximize economy when walking downhill. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this non-metabolically optimal behavior is the result of a trade-off between metabolic economy and gait stability. We hypothesized that humans have the ability to modulate their gait strategy to increase either metabolic economy or stability, but that increase in one measure will be accompanied by decrease in the other. Subjects walked downhill using gait strategies ranging from risky to conservative, which were either prescribed by verbal instructions or induced by the threat of perturbations. We quantified spatiotemporal gait characteristics, metabolic rate and several indicators of stability previously associated with fall risk: stride period variability; step width variability; Lyapunov exponents; Floquet multipliers; and stride period fractal index. When subjects walked using conservative gait strategies, stride periods and lengths decreased, metabolic rate increased, and anteroposterior maximum Lyapunov exponents increased, which has previously been interpreted as an indicator of decreased stability. These results do not provide clear support for the proposed trade-off between economy and stability, particularly when stability is approximated using complex metrics. However, several gait pattern changes previously linked to increased fall risk were observed when our healthy subjects walked with a conservative strategy, suggesting that these changes may be a response to, rather than a cause of, increased fall risk.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Balance</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Energetic cost</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Energy Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fitness equipment</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gait</subject><subject>Gait - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Metabolic rate</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</subject><subject>Physical Exertion - physiology</subject><subject>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Stability</subject><subject>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</subject><subject>Walking</subject><subject>Walking - physiology</subject><issn>0021-9290</issn><issn>1873-2380</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFklFrFDEUhYModl39CyUggi-73iSTyeRFlGJVKPhgBd9CJpPsZpqd1GTGsv--me7WQh_sU0Ly3cO99xyETgmsCZD6Q7_uWx931mzXFAhdA18DrZ6hBWkEW1HWwHO0AKBkJamEE_Qq5x4ARCXkS3RCaS0EY80CtZdbi61z1owZR4c32o84j0mPdrPHccA7O-o2Bm_w_Ib10GE_dN7oMaa7ilz-ffDjHndT8sMGd_Fm2PoQ8I0OV-XhNXrhdMj2zfFcol_nXy7Pvq0ufnz9fvb5YmV4RceVJIJqzmRFANqKgjOac0Yl6VonGl5XnZDcMS6YqLiTAJYawzV3tiHAa8KW6P1B9zrFP5PNo9r5bGwIerBxyopUoggyINXTaNkl49A0TUHfPkL7OKWhDFIE60qKRkL9XwpYLRktaKHqA2VSzDlZp66T3-m0L5CabVW9urdVzbYq4GpuZYlOj_JTu7Pdv7J7Hwvw7gjobHRwSQ_G5weuJmVBdx18OnC2GPHX26Sy8XYwtvOpREB10T_dy8dHEib4oQQiXNm9zQ9zq1xq1M85hHMGCS03yX6zWwOA1ak</recordid><startdate>20120726</startdate><enddate>20120726</enddate><creator>Monsch, E.D</creator><creator>Franz, C.O</creator><creator>Dean, J.C</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120726</creationdate><title>The effects of gait strategy on metabolic rate and indicators of stability during downhill walking</title><author>Monsch, E.D ; Franz, C.O ; Dean, J.C</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c542t-9172a5394100b420fca553291dbf78564d795f3573745f900e2cc5a5fe8105613</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Balance</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Energetic cost</topic><topic>Energy consumption</topic><topic>Energy Metabolism - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fitness equipment</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gait</topic><topic>Gait - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Metabolic rate</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</topic><topic>Physical Exertion - physiology</topic><topic>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Stability</topic><topic>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. 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However, recent experiments have demonstrated that humans do not maximize economy when walking downhill. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this non-metabolically optimal behavior is the result of a trade-off between metabolic economy and gait stability. We hypothesized that humans have the ability to modulate their gait strategy to increase either metabolic economy or stability, but that increase in one measure will be accompanied by decrease in the other. Subjects walked downhill using gait strategies ranging from risky to conservative, which were either prescribed by verbal instructions or induced by the threat of perturbations. We quantified spatiotemporal gait characteristics, metabolic rate and several indicators of stability previously associated with fall risk: stride period variability; step width variability; Lyapunov exponents; Floquet multipliers; and stride period fractal index. When subjects walked using conservative gait strategies, stride periods and lengths decreased, metabolic rate increased, and anteroposterior maximum Lyapunov exponents increased, which has previously been interpreted as an indicator of decreased stability. These results do not provide clear support for the proposed trade-off between economy and stability, particularly when stability is approximated using complex metrics. However, several gait pattern changes previously linked to increased fall risk were observed when our healthy subjects walked with a conservative strategy, suggesting that these changes may be a response to, rather than a cause of, increased fall risk.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>22677338</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.05.024</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Balance Biological and medical sciences Energetic cost Energy consumption Energy Metabolism - physiology Female Fitness equipment Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gait Gait - physiology Humans Medical research Metabolic rate Metabolism Models, Biological Oxygen Consumption - physiology Physical Exertion - physiology Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Stability Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports Walking Walking - physiology |
title | The effects of gait strategy on metabolic rate and indicators of stability during downhill walking |
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