Electronic nose can discriminate colorectal carcinoma and advanced adenomas by fecal volatile biomarker analysis: proof of principle study

• Published in: International journal of cancer 2014-03, Vol.134 (5), p.1132-1138
• Main Authors: Meij, Tim G., Larbi, Ilhame Ben, Schee, Marc P., Lentferink, Yvette E., Paff, Tamara, Terhaar sive Droste, Jochim S., Mulder, Chris J., Bodegraven, Adriaan A., Boer, Nanne K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: adenoma; Adenoma - diagnosis; Adult; Aged; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor - analysis; Cancer; Colonoscopy; Colorectal cancer; Colorectal carcinoma; Colorectal Neoplasms - diagnosis; Electronic Nose; Electronic noses; fecal immunochemical test; Feces; Feces - chemistry; Female; flatography; Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen; Humans; Male; Medical research; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Multiple tumors. Solid tumors. Tumors in childhood (general aspects); Organic compounds; ROC Curve; screening; Sensitivity and Specificity; smellprint; Stomach. Duodenum. Small intestine. Colon. Rectum. Anus; Tumors; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds; Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis
• ISSN: 0020-7136; 1097-0215
• DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28446

In the course and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), early detection and treatment are essential factors. Fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) are currently the most commonly used non‐invasive screening tests for CRC and premalignant (advanced) adenomas, however, with restricted sensitivity. We hypothesized that fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may serve as a diagnostic biomarker of CRC and adenomas. In this proof of concept study, we aimed to assess disease‐specific VOC smellprints in fecal gas to distinguish patients with CRC and advanced adenomas from healthy controls. Fecal samples of patients who were scheduled to undergo an elective colonoscopy were collected. An electronic nose (Cyranose 320®) was used to measure VOC patterns in fecal gas from patients with histopathologically proven CRC, with advanced adenomas and from controls (no abnormalities seen at colonoscopy). Receiver operator characteristic curves and corresponding sensitivity and specificity for detection of CRC and advanced adenomas were calculated. A total of 157 stool samples (40 patients with CRC, 60 patients with advanced adenomas, and 57 healthy controls) were analyzed by electronic nose. Fecal VOC profiles of patients with CRC differed significantly from controls (area under curve ± 95%CI, p‐value, sensitivity, specificity; 0.92 ± 0.03,