Impact of Spanish electricity mix, over the period 2008–2030, on the Life Cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of Electric, Hybrid Diesel-Electric, Fuel Cell Hybrid and Diesel Bus of the Madrid Transportation System

• Published in: Energy conversion and management 2013-10, Vol.74, p.332-343
• Main Authors: García Sánchez, Juan Antonio, López Martínez, José María, Lumbreras Martín, Julio, Flores Holgado, María Nuria, Aguilar Morales, Hansel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Bus; Buses (vehicles); Crashworthiness; Crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products; Electricity; Energy; Energy consumption; Energy. Thermal use of fuels; Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc; Exact sciences and technology; Fuel cells; Fuels; Hybrid; Hydrogen; Impact strength; LCA; Life cycle assessment; Life cycle engineering; Petroleum products, gas and fuels. Motor fuels, lubricants and asphalts
• ISSN: 0196-8904; 1879-2227
• DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.05.023

•We assess the performance of 4 buses that run on different alternative fuel types and technologies.•The buses assessed are Fuel Cell-Hybrid Bus, Hybrid Diesel-Electric Bus, Battery Electric Bus, and a Diesel Bus.•We examine the environmental impact caused by the Life Cycle of each vehicle technology, fossil fuel and energy carrier.•Life Cycle of Battery Electric Bus shows that it has a big potential of improvement in terms of environmental impact. In spite of the advanced research in automotive technology, and the improvement of fuels, the road transport sector continues to be an environmental concern, since the increase in transport demand is offsetting the effects of these technological improvements. Therefore, this poses the following question: what combination of technology and fuel is more efficient in terms of energy consumption and green house gas (GHG) emissions? To fully address this question it is necessary to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This paper presents a global LCA of 4 buses that run on the following fuel types and technologies: (1) Fuel Cell- Hybrid Bus, (2) Hybrid Diesel-Electric Bus (series configuration), (3) Battery Electric Bus and (4) Combustion Ignition Engine Bus. The impact categories assessed are: primary energy consumption, fossil energy and GHG emissions. Among the principal results, we can conclude that the Global LCA of buses (3) and (1) (which are the more sensitive pathways to the electricity mix variation) have for the 2008–2030 period a room for improvement of 25.62% and 28.16% in terms of efficiency of fossil energy consumption and a potential GHG emission reduction of 28.70% and 30.88% respectively.