Effects of elevated CO sub(2) in the early life stages of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and potential consequences of ocean acidification

• Published in: Biogeosciences 2014-03, Vol.11 (6), p.1613-1626
• Main Authors: Chambers, R C, Candelmo, A C, Habeck, E A, Poach, ME, Wieczorek, D, Cooper, K R, Greenfield, CE, Phelan, BA
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Marine; Paralichthys dentatus; Pleuronectiformes
• ISSN: 1726-4170; 1726-4189
• DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-1613-2014

The limited available evidence about effects on marine fishes of high CO sub(2) and associated acidification of oceans suggests that effects will differ across species, be subtle, and may interact with other stressors. This report is on the responses of an array of early life history features of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically and economically important flatfish of the inshore and nearshore waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA), to experimental manipulation of CO sub(2) levels. Relative survival of summer flounder embryos in local ambient conditions (775 mu atm pCO sub(2), 7.8 pH) was reduced to 48% when maintained at intermediate experimental conditions (1808 mu atm pCO sub(2), 7.5 pH), and to 16% when maintained at the most elevated CO sub(2) treatment (4714 ppm pCO sub(2), 7.1 pH). This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at high-CO sub(2) levels at constant temperature was consistent among offspring of three females used as experimental subjects. No reduction in survival with CO sub(2) was observed for larvae during the first four weeks of larval life (experiment ended at 28 d post-hatching (dph) when larvae were initiating metamorphosis). Estimates of sizes, shapes, and developmental status of larvae based on images of live larvae showed larvae were initially longer and faster growing when reared at intermediate- and high-CO sub(2) levels. This pattern of longer larvae - but with less energy reserves at hatching - was expressed through the first half of the larval period (14 dph). Larvae from the highest-CO sub(2) conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages and smaller sizes than those from intermediate- and ambient-CO sub(2) conditions. Tissue damage was evident in larvae as early as 7 dph from both elevated-CO sub(2) levels. Damage included dilation of liver sinusoids and veins, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, and separation of the trunk muscle bundles. Cranio-facial features changed with CO sub(2) levels in an age-dependent manner. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient-CO sub(2) environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated-CO sub(2) environments when younger (7 and 14 dph) but were larger at developmental stage at older ages (21 to 28 dph), a result consistent with the accelerated size-development trajectory of larvae at higher-CO sub(2) environments based on analysis of external features. The degree of alterations in the survival, growth, and development of early life stages of summer