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The suppressive effects of gx-50 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia
Microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a vital role in the development of AD. Once microglia are activated, they migrate to neuritic plaques and persistently release pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration, accelerating...
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Published in: | International immunopharmacology 2014-04, Vol.19 (2), p.283-289 |
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description | Microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a vital role in the development of AD. Once microglia are activated, they migrate to neuritic plaques and persistently release pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration, accelerating the progression of AD. In this study, we analyzed whether an AD candidate drug, N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-phenyl-acrylamide (gx-50), a compound extracted from Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum), exhibited suppressive effects on the chemotactic migration of microglia induced by Aβ. At first, the effects of gx-50 on the migration of primary cultured microglia to Aβ were detected by transwell assay, and the secretion of chemokine CCL5 was measured by ELISA assay. Then, the release of TGF-β1 was detected by ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR, and the activation of the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway was analyzed by Western blotting. The LDH assay revealed that cell viability was not affected by gx-50 at concentrations from 0.01 to 100μM; thus, combined with our previous studies, 1μM was chosen as the treatment concentration. The cell transwell measurement demonstrated that gx-50 suppressed the chemotactic migration of microglia by nearly 50% and inhibited the increase in CCL5 triggered by Aβ. Moreover, the analysis of the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway revealed that gx-50 can antagonize Aβ-induced down-regulation of TGF-β1 at both the mRNA and protein levels and stimulate the signal pathway activation. Simultaneously, gx-50 pretreatment also significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which correlated closely with the migration of microglia. In conclusion, in the presence of Aβ, gx-50 pretreatment inhibited the excessive chemotactic migration of microglia.
•gx-50 inhibits the Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia.•gx-50 attenuates the Aβ-induced CCL5 up-regulation.•gx-50 increases the secretion of TGF-β1 and rescues the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway.•gx-50 induces the inactivation of the inflammatory molecule GSK-3β. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.025 |
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•gx-50 inhibits the Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia.•gx-50 attenuates the Aβ-induced CCL5 up-regulation.•gx-50 increases the secretion of TGF-β1 and rescues the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway.•gx-50 induces the inactivation of the inflammatory molecule GSK-3β.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1567-5769</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-1705</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.025</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24508536</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Acrylamides - pharmacology ; Alzheimer's disease ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Animals ; Cell Survival - drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemotaxis ; Chemotaxis - drug effects ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 - metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta ; Microglia ; Microglia - drug effects ; Microglia - physiology ; Peptide Fragments ; Rats ; Smad2 Protein - metabolism ; TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - metabolism ; Zanthoxylum</subject><ispartof>International immunopharmacology, 2014-04, Vol.19 (2), p.283-289</ispartof><rights>2014 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-11d3971ad1b2fa019806ce27ccce7ac5f9691648e05df2af43962857912b2a123</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-11d3971ad1b2fa019806ce27ccce7ac5f9691648e05df2af43962857912b2a123</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6575-9048</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24508536$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Guo, Yubing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Shi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tang, Maoping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Dongli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Wangjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lianyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Zhaoxia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qiao, Zhongdong</creatorcontrib><title>The suppressive effects of gx-50 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia</title><title>International immunopharmacology</title><addtitle>Int Immunopharmacol</addtitle><description>Microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a vital role in the development of AD. Once microglia are activated, they migrate to neuritic plaques and persistently release pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration, accelerating the progression of AD. In this study, we analyzed whether an AD candidate drug, N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-phenyl-acrylamide (gx-50), a compound extracted from Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum), exhibited suppressive effects on the chemotactic migration of microglia induced by Aβ. At first, the effects of gx-50 on the migration of primary cultured microglia to Aβ were detected by transwell assay, and the secretion of chemokine CCL5 was measured by ELISA assay. Then, the release of TGF-β1 was detected by ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR, and the activation of the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway was analyzed by Western blotting. The LDH assay revealed that cell viability was not affected by gx-50 at concentrations from 0.01 to 100μM; thus, combined with our previous studies, 1μM was chosen as the treatment concentration. The cell transwell measurement demonstrated that gx-50 suppressed the chemotactic migration of microglia by nearly 50% and inhibited the increase in CCL5 triggered by Aβ. Moreover, the analysis of the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway revealed that gx-50 can antagonize Aβ-induced down-regulation of TGF-β1 at both the mRNA and protein levels and stimulate the signal pathway activation. Simultaneously, gx-50 pretreatment also significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which correlated closely with the migration of microglia. In conclusion, in the presence of Aβ, gx-50 pretreatment inhibited the excessive chemotactic migration of microglia.
•gx-50 inhibits the Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia.•gx-50 attenuates the Aβ-induced CCL5 up-regulation.•gx-50 increases the secretion of TGF-β1 and rescues the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway.•gx-50 induces the inactivation of the inflammatory molecule GSK-3β.</description><subject>Acrylamides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Amyloid beta-Peptides</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Cell Survival - drug effects</subject><subject>Cells, Cultured</subject><subject>Chemotaxis</subject><subject>Chemotaxis - drug effects</subject><subject>Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 - metabolism</subject><subject>Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta</subject><subject>Microglia</subject><subject>Microglia - drug effects</subject><subject>Microglia - physiology</subject><subject>Peptide Fragments</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Smad2 Protein - metabolism</subject><subject>TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway</subject><subject>Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - genetics</subject><subject>Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - metabolism</subject><subject>Zanthoxylum</subject><issn>1567-5769</issn><issn>1878-1705</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkM9q3DAQh0VJ6KbbvkEJPuZiZ0a2LOtSWEKTFAKBkJyFVh5ttKz_VLKX9rX6IHmmatk0x9DTDMP3m2E-xr4iFAhYX24L30--GwsOWBWABXDxgZ1hI5scJYiT1Ita5kLWasE-xbgFSPMKP7IFrwQ0oqzP2MPjM2VxHsdAMfo9ZeQc2Slmg8s2v3IB2dBnq5c_ue_b2VKb2WfqhsnYydus85tgJp-IRHfehmGz8-YzO3VmF-nLa12yp-vvj1e3-d39zY-r1V1uSyWmHLEtlUTT4po7A6gaqC1xaa0laaxwqlZYVw2BaB03ripVzRshFfI1N8jLJbs47h3D8HOmOOnOR0u7nelpmKNGwaGUqkT4DxRUhVw1TUKrI5q-iTGQ02PwnQm_NYI-iNdbfRSvD-I1oE7iU-z89cK87qh9C_0znYBvR4CSkr2noKP11CelPiThuh38-xf-Ao_9lZY</recordid><startdate>20140401</startdate><enddate>20140401</enddate><creator>Guo, Yubing</creator><creator>Shi, Shi</creator><creator>Tang, Maoping</creator><creator>Liang, Dongli</creator><creator>Xu, Wangjie</creator><creator>Wang, Lianyun</creator><creator>Wang, Zhaoxia</creator><creator>Qiao, Zhongdong</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>H94</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-9048</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20140401</creationdate><title>The suppressive effects of gx-50 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia</title><author>Guo, Yubing ; Shi, Shi ; Tang, Maoping ; Liang, Dongli ; Xu, Wangjie ; Wang, Lianyun ; Wang, Zhaoxia ; Qiao, Zhongdong</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-11d3971ad1b2fa019806ce27ccce7ac5f9691648e05df2af43962857912b2a123</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Acrylamides - pharmacology</topic><topic>Alzheimer's disease</topic><topic>Amyloid beta-Peptides</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Cell Survival - drug effects</topic><topic>Cells, Cultured</topic><topic>Chemotaxis</topic><topic>Chemotaxis - drug effects</topic><topic>Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 - metabolism</topic><topic>Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta</topic><topic>Microglia</topic><topic>Microglia - drug effects</topic><topic>Microglia - physiology</topic><topic>Peptide Fragments</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Smad2 Protein - metabolism</topic><topic>TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway</topic><topic>Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - genetics</topic><topic>Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - metabolism</topic><topic>Zanthoxylum</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Guo, Yubing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Shi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tang, Maoping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Dongli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Wangjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lianyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Zhaoxia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qiao, Zhongdong</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><jtitle>International immunopharmacology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Guo, Yubing</au><au>Shi, Shi</au><au>Tang, Maoping</au><au>Liang, Dongli</au><au>Xu, Wangjie</au><au>Wang, Lianyun</au><au>Wang, Zhaoxia</au><au>Qiao, Zhongdong</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The suppressive effects of gx-50 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia</atitle><jtitle>International immunopharmacology</jtitle><addtitle>Int Immunopharmacol</addtitle><date>2014-04-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>283</spage><epage>289</epage><pages>283-289</pages><issn>1567-5769</issn><eissn>1878-1705</eissn><abstract>Microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a vital role in the development of AD. Once microglia are activated, they migrate to neuritic plaques and persistently release pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration, accelerating the progression of AD. In this study, we analyzed whether an AD candidate drug, N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-phenyl-acrylamide (gx-50), a compound extracted from Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum), exhibited suppressive effects on the chemotactic migration of microglia induced by Aβ. At first, the effects of gx-50 on the migration of primary cultured microglia to Aβ were detected by transwell assay, and the secretion of chemokine CCL5 was measured by ELISA assay. Then, the release of TGF-β1 was detected by ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR, and the activation of the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway was analyzed by Western blotting. The LDH assay revealed that cell viability was not affected by gx-50 at concentrations from 0.01 to 100μM; thus, combined with our previous studies, 1μM was chosen as the treatment concentration. The cell transwell measurement demonstrated that gx-50 suppressed the chemotactic migration of microglia by nearly 50% and inhibited the increase in CCL5 triggered by Aβ. Moreover, the analysis of the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway revealed that gx-50 can antagonize Aβ-induced down-regulation of TGF-β1 at both the mRNA and protein levels and stimulate the signal pathway activation. Simultaneously, gx-50 pretreatment also significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which correlated closely with the migration of microglia. In conclusion, in the presence of Aβ, gx-50 pretreatment inhibited the excessive chemotactic migration of microglia.
•gx-50 inhibits the Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia.•gx-50 attenuates the Aβ-induced CCL5 up-regulation.•gx-50 increases the secretion of TGF-β1 and rescues the TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway.•gx-50 induces the inactivation of the inflammatory molecule GSK-3β.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>24508536</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.025</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-9048</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acrylamides - pharmacology Alzheimer's disease Amyloid beta-Peptides Animals Cell Survival - drug effects Cells, Cultured Chemotaxis Chemotaxis - drug effects Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 - metabolism Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta Microglia Microglia - drug effects Microglia - physiology Peptide Fragments Rats Smad2 Protein - metabolism TGF-β1-Smad2 pathway Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - genetics Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - metabolism Zanthoxylum |
title | The suppressive effects of gx-50 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia |
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