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Influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2012 influenza season in Victoria, Australia: Influences of waning immunity and vaccine match
Vaccine effectiveness may wane with increasing time since vaccination. This analysis used the Victorian sentinel general practitioner (GP) network to estimate vaccine effectiveness for trivalent inactivated vaccines in the 2012 season. A test‐negative design was used where patients presenting to GPs...
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| Published in: | Journal of medical virology 2014-06, Vol.86 (6), p.1017-1025 |
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| creator | Sullivan, Sheena G. Komadina, Naomi Grant, Kristina Jelley, Lauren Papadakis, Georgina Kelly, Heath |
| description | Vaccine effectiveness may wane with increasing time since vaccination. This analysis used the Victorian sentinel general practitioner (GP) network to estimate vaccine effectiveness for trivalent inactivated vaccines in the 2012 season. A test‐negative design was used where patients presenting to GPs with influenza‐like illness who tested positive for influenza were cases and noncases were those who tested negative. Vaccination status was recorded by GPs. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1‐odds ratio) × 100%. Estimates were compared early versus late in the season and by time since vaccination. Virus isolates were assessed antigenically by hemagglutination inhibition assay in a selection of positive samples and viruses from healthy adults who experienced a vaccine breakthrough were analyzed genetically. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness estimate for any type of influenza was 45% (95% CI: 8,66) and for influenza A(H3) was 35% (95% CI: −11,62). A non‐significant effect of waning effectiveness by time since vaccination was observed for A(H3). For those vaccinated |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jmv.23847 |
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This analysis used the Victorian sentinel general practitioner (GP) network to estimate vaccine effectiveness for trivalent inactivated vaccines in the 2012 season. A test‐negative design was used where patients presenting to GPs with influenza‐like illness who tested positive for influenza were cases and noncases were those who tested negative. Vaccination status was recorded by GPs. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1‐odds ratio) × 100%. Estimates were compared early versus late in the season and by time since vaccination. Virus isolates were assessed antigenically by hemagglutination inhibition assay in a selection of positive samples and viruses from healthy adults who experienced a vaccine breakthrough were analyzed genetically. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness estimate for any type of influenza was 45% (95% CI: 8,66) and for influenza A(H3) was 35% (95% CI: −11,62). A non‐significant effect of waning effectiveness by time since vaccination was observed for A(H3). For those vaccinated <93 days of presentation vaccine effectiveness was 37% (95% CI: −29,69), while for those vaccinated ≥93 days before presentation it was 18% (95% CI: −83,63). Comparison of early versus late in the season estimates was very sensitive to the cut off week chosen for analysis. Antigenic data suggested that low vaccine effectiveness was not associated with poor vaccine match among the A(H3) viruses. However, genetic analysis suggested nucleotide substitutions in antigenic sites. In 2012, the trivalent influenza vaccine provided moderate protection against influenza and showed limited evidence for waning effectiveness. Antigenic and genetic data can provide additional insight into understanding these estimates. J. Med. Virol. 86:1017–1025, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0146-6615</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-9071</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23847</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24395730</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Antigens, Viral - genetics ; Antigens, Viral - immunology ; Australia ; case test-negative study ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Genetics ; Humans ; Immunity (Disease) ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Influenza ; Influenza A virus - immunology ; Influenza A virus - isolation & purification ; influenza vaccine effectiveness ; Influenza Vaccines - administration & dosage ; Influenza Vaccines - immunology ; Influenza, Human - epidemiology ; Influenza, Human - immunology ; Influenza, Human - prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Vaccines ; Victoria - epidemiology ; Virology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Journal of medical virology, 2014-06, Vol.86 (6), p.1017-1025</ispartof><rights>2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4247-50bb525e434d4d6d8d163a817f3332d048ae437b14d2f284a40feba77fe97bf73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4247-50bb525e434d4d6d8d163a817f3332d048ae437b14d2f284a40feba77fe97bf73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24395730$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sullivan, Sheena G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Komadina, Naomi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grant, Kristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jelley, Lauren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Papadakis, Georgina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Heath</creatorcontrib><title>Influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2012 influenza season in Victoria, Australia: Influences of waning immunity and vaccine match</title><title>Journal of medical virology</title><addtitle>J. Med. Virol</addtitle><description>Vaccine effectiveness may wane with increasing time since vaccination. This analysis used the Victorian sentinel general practitioner (GP) network to estimate vaccine effectiveness for trivalent inactivated vaccines in the 2012 season. A test‐negative design was used where patients presenting to GPs with influenza‐like illness who tested positive for influenza were cases and noncases were those who tested negative. Vaccination status was recorded by GPs. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1‐odds ratio) × 100%. Estimates were compared early versus late in the season and by time since vaccination. Virus isolates were assessed antigenically by hemagglutination inhibition assay in a selection of positive samples and viruses from healthy adults who experienced a vaccine breakthrough were analyzed genetically. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness estimate for any type of influenza was 45% (95% CI: 8,66) and for influenza A(H3) was 35% (95% CI: −11,62). A non‐significant effect of waning effectiveness by time since vaccination was observed for A(H3). For those vaccinated <93 days of presentation vaccine effectiveness was 37% (95% CI: −29,69), while for those vaccinated ≥93 days before presentation it was 18% (95% CI: −83,63). Comparison of early versus late in the season estimates was very sensitive to the cut off week chosen for analysis. Antigenic data suggested that low vaccine effectiveness was not associated with poor vaccine match among the A(H3) viruses. However, genetic analysis suggested nucleotide substitutions in antigenic sites. In 2012, the trivalent influenza vaccine provided moderate protection against influenza and showed limited evidence for waning effectiveness. Antigenic and genetic data can provide additional insight into understanding these estimates. J. Med. Virol. 86:1017–1025, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Amino Acid Substitution</subject><subject>Antigens, Viral - genetics</subject><subject>Antigens, Viral - immunology</subject><subject>Australia</subject><subject>case test-negative study</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunity (Disease)</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Influenza A virus - immunology</subject><subject>Influenza A virus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>influenza vaccine effectiveness</subject><subject>Influenza Vaccines - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Influenza Vaccines - immunology</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - epidemiology</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - immunology</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - prevention & control</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Sentinel Surveillance</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Victoria - epidemiology</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0146-6615</issn><issn>1096-9071</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqN0c1u1DAUBWALgei0sOAFkCU2IJHW_066K1Vpi0phUQo7y3GuqYfEKXYyZXgCHpsMM50FEhIrS_Z3j3V1EHpGyT4lhB3Mu8U-46XQD9CMkkoVFdH0IZoRKlShFJU7aDfnOSGkrBh7jHaY4JXUnMzQr_Po2xHiT4sX1rkQAYP34IawgAg542ZMIX7Fww1gRijDYesz2NzH6QJfBzf0KdjX-GjMQ7JtsId4E-wg497jOxtXMaHrxhiGJbax2X7Y2cHdPEGPvG0zPN2ce-jT25Or47Pi4sPp-fHRReEEE7qQpK4lkyC4aESjmrKhituSas85Zw0RpZ3edE1FwzwrhRXEQ2219lDp2mu-h16uc29T_32EPJguZAdtayP0YzZUMsJLKWn1H5QKwRSr-ERf_EXn_ZjitMhKMaUlV3JSr9bKpT7nBN7cptDZtDSUmFWTZmrS_Glyss83iWPdQbOV99VN4GAN7kILy38nmXfvr-8ji_VEyAP82E7Y9M0ozbU0ny9PzRd9-eZKizPzkf8GTPW28Q</recordid><startdate>201406</startdate><enddate>201406</enddate><creator>Sullivan, Sheena G.</creator><creator>Komadina, Naomi</creator><creator>Grant, Kristina</creator><creator>Jelley, Lauren</creator><creator>Papadakis, Georgina</creator><creator>Kelly, Heath</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201406</creationdate><title>Influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2012 influenza season in Victoria, Australia: Influences of waning immunity and vaccine match</title><author>Sullivan, Sheena G. ; 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Med. Virol</addtitle><date>2014-06</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>86</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1017</spage><epage>1025</epage><pages>1017-1025</pages><issn>0146-6615</issn><eissn>1096-9071</eissn><abstract>Vaccine effectiveness may wane with increasing time since vaccination. This analysis used the Victorian sentinel general practitioner (GP) network to estimate vaccine effectiveness for trivalent inactivated vaccines in the 2012 season. A test‐negative design was used where patients presenting to GPs with influenza‐like illness who tested positive for influenza were cases and noncases were those who tested negative. Vaccination status was recorded by GPs. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1‐odds ratio) × 100%. Estimates were compared early versus late in the season and by time since vaccination. Virus isolates were assessed antigenically by hemagglutination inhibition assay in a selection of positive samples and viruses from healthy adults who experienced a vaccine breakthrough were analyzed genetically. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness estimate for any type of influenza was 45% (95% CI: 8,66) and for influenza A(H3) was 35% (95% CI: −11,62). A non‐significant effect of waning effectiveness by time since vaccination was observed for A(H3). For those vaccinated <93 days of presentation vaccine effectiveness was 37% (95% CI: −29,69), while for those vaccinated ≥93 days before presentation it was 18% (95% CI: −83,63). Comparison of early versus late in the season estimates was very sensitive to the cut off week chosen for analysis. Antigenic data suggested that low vaccine effectiveness was not associated with poor vaccine match among the A(H3) viruses. However, genetic analysis suggested nucleotide substitutions in antigenic sites. In 2012, the trivalent influenza vaccine provided moderate protection against influenza and showed limited evidence for waning effectiveness. Antigenic and genetic data can provide additional insight into understanding these estimates. J. Med. Virol. 86:1017–1025, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>24395730</pmid><doi>10.1002/jmv.23847</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Amino Acid Substitution Antigens, Viral - genetics Antigens, Viral - immunology Australia case test-negative study Child Child, Preschool Epidemiology Female Genetics Humans Immunity (Disease) Infant Infant, Newborn Influenza Influenza A virus - immunology Influenza A virus - isolation & purification influenza vaccine effectiveness Influenza Vaccines - administration & dosage Influenza Vaccines - immunology Influenza, Human - epidemiology Influenza, Human - immunology Influenza, Human - prevention & control Male Middle Aged Sentinel Surveillance Time Factors Treatment Outcome Vaccines Victoria - epidemiology Virology Young Adult |
| title | Influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2012 influenza season in Victoria, Australia: Influences of waning immunity and vaccine match |
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