Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

• Published in: Learning and motivation 2012-08, Vol.43 (3), p.79-88
• Main Authors: Gast, Anne, Gawronski, Bertram, De Houwer, Jan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Automaticity; Automation; Cognition & reasoning; Cognitive Processes; Conditioning; Contingency; Definitions; Environmental conditions; Environmental Influences; Evaluative conditioning; Functional definition; Futures (of Society); Learning; Measurement; Mental process theories; Motivation; Research Methodology; Trend Analysis
• ISSN: 0023-9690; 1095-9122
• DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2012.06.004

► We review recent developments and discuss possible future directions in evaluative conditioning research. ► Functional definitions of evaluative conditioning stimulate the development of and debates between mental process theories. ► Recent studies on evaluative conditioning are characterized by methodological and conceptual sophistication. ► There is a trend to focus on automaticity features besides contingency awareness, such as goal- and resource-independence. ► Research on evaluative conditioning could benefit from distinguishing processes during acquisition and during measurement. Evaluative conditioning (EC) is generally considered to be one of the routes via which likes and dislikes are acquired. We identify recent trends in EC research and speculate about the topics that will dominate future research on EC. Many of the recent developments in EC research were shaped by functional definitions of EC that refer only to environmental conditions, but not to mental processes and representations. These functional definitions stimulated the development of and debates between theories about the mental processes that mediate EC. These trends, as well as greater methodological and conceptual sophistication, inspired meta-conditional studies that aim at determining the conditions under which EC is characterized by certain properties. The question of whether EC depends on contingency awareness remains a central topic, albeit with a stronger link to theorizing about underlying mental processes. Other automaticity features have gained enhanced interest, as can for example be seen in research investigating whether EC is goal-independent and whether EC is resource-independent. We argue that future research would benefit from a sharper distinction between processes that operate during acquisition (i.e., when CS–US pairs are presented) and processes that operate during measurement (i.e., when the effects of CS–US pairings are assessed). We conclude with a short summary of all articles in this Special Issue, relating them to the identified trends in EC research.