Increased thermal pain sensitivity in animals exposed to chronic high dose Vicodin but not pure hydrocodone

• Published in: Pain physician 2014-07, Vol.17 (4), p.353-357
• Main Authors: O'Connell, Thomas F, Carpenter, Patrick S, Caballero, Nadia, Putnam, Andrew J, Steere, Joshua T, Matz, Gregory J, Foecking, Eileen M
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetaminophen - adverse effects; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects; Animals; Drug Combinations; Drug dosages; Female; Hot Temperature - adverse effects; Hydrocodone - adverse effects; Hyperalgesia - chemically induced; Narcotics; Pain; Pain - drug therapy; Pain - etiology; Pain - physiopathology; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold - physiology; Rats
• ISSN: 1533-3159; 2150-1149
• DOI: 10.36076/ppj.2014/17/353

Vicodin, the combination drug of acetaminophen and the opioid hydrocodone, is one of the most prescribed drugs on the market today. Opioids have demonstrated the ability to paradoxically cause increased pain sensitivity to users in a phenomena called opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). While selected opioids have been shown to produce OIH symptoms in an animal model, hydrocodone and the combination drug Vicodin have yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of exposure to chronic high dose Vicodin or its components on the sensitivity to both thermal and mechanical pain. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, Vicodin, acetaminophen, hydrocodone, or vehicle control, and administered the drug daily for 120 days. Rats were subsequently tested for thermal and mechanical sensitivity. The rats in the Vicodin group displayed a significant decrease in withdrawal time to thermal pain. The rats receiving acetaminophen, hydrocodone, and vehicle showed no statistically significant hypersensitivity in thermal testing. None of the groups demonstrated statistically significant hypersensitivity to mechanical testing. The data suggests Vicodin produces signs of OIH in a rodent model. However, increased pain sensitivity was only noted in the thermal pathway and the hypersensitivity was only seen with the opioid combination drug, not the opioid alone. The results of this study both support the results of previous rodent opioid studies while generating further questions about the specific properties of Vicodin that contribute to pain hypersensitivity. The growing use of Vicodin to treat chronic pain necessitates further research looking into this paradoxical pain response.