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Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure
C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14 isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be sig...
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Published in: | Journal of geophysical research. Planets 2014-06, Vol.119 (6), p.1390-1402 |
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container_title | Journal of geophysical research. Planets |
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creator | Pavlov, A. A. Pavlov, A. K. Ostryakov, V. M. Vasilyev, G. I. Mahaffy, P. Steele, A. |
description | C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14 isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be significantly altered by the continuous exposure of Martian surface to cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can effectively produce C-13 and N-15 isotopes via spallation nuclear reactions on oxygen atoms in various Martian rocks. We calculate that in the top meter of the Martian rocks, the rates of production of both C-13 and N-15 due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) exposure can vary within 1.5-6 atoms/cm3/s depending on rocks' depth and chemical composition. We also find that the average solar cosmic rays can produce carbon and nitrogen isotopes at a rate comparable to GCRs in the top 5-10 cm of the Martian rocks. We demonstrate that if the total carbon content in a surface Martian rock is |
doi_str_mv | 10.1002/2014JE004615 |
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A. ; Pavlov, A. K. ; Ostryakov, V. M. ; Vasilyev, G. I. ; Mahaffy, P. ; Steele, A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Pavlov, A. A. ; Pavlov, A. K. ; Ostryakov, V. M. ; Vasilyev, G. I. ; Mahaffy, P. ; Steele, A.</creatorcontrib><description>C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14 isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be significantly altered by the continuous exposure of Martian surface to cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can effectively produce C-13 and N-15 isotopes via spallation nuclear reactions on oxygen atoms in various Martian rocks. We calculate that in the top meter of the Martian rocks, the rates of production of both C-13 and N-15 due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) exposure can vary within 1.5-6 atoms/cm3/s depending on rocks' depth and chemical composition. We also find that the average solar cosmic rays can produce carbon and nitrogen isotopes at a rate comparable to GCRs in the top 5-10 cm of the Martian rocks. We demonstrate that if the total carbon content in a surface Martian rock is <10 ppm, then the "light," potentially "biological" C-13/C-12 ratio would be effectively erased by cosmic rays over 3.5 billion years of exposure. We found that for the rocks with relatively short exposure ages (e.g., 100 million years), cosmogenic changes in N-15/N-14 ratio are still very significant. We also show that a short exposure to cosmic rays of Allan Hills 84001 while on Mars can explain its high-temperature heavy nitrogen isotopic composition (N-15/N-14). Applications to Martian meteorites and the current Mars Science Laboratory mission are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9097</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9100</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/2014JE004615</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Goddard Space Flight Center: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Carbon ; Carbon 12 ; Carbon content ; Carbon cycle ; carbon isotopes ; Chemical composition ; Cosmic ray showers ; Cosmic rays ; Exposure ; Galactic cosmic rays ; High temperature ; Isotope composition ; Isotope ratios ; Isotopes ; Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration ; Mars ; Mars atmosphere ; Mars surface ; Meteors & meteorites ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen isotopes ; Nuclear reactions ; Organic compounds ; Oxygen ; Oxygen atoms ; Rocks ; SNC meteorites ; Solar cosmic rays ; Spallation</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Planets, 2014-06, Vol.119 (6), p.1390-1402</ispartof><rights>2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Jun 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a4500-43bca45eb890621aecd103fa27789e7382801666657e8c735ee53de10be161783</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a4500-43bca45eb890621aecd103fa27789e7382801666657e8c735ee53de10be161783</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pavlov, A. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pavlov, A. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ostryakov, V. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vasilyev, G. I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahaffy, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steele, A.</creatorcontrib><title>Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</title><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res. Planets</addtitle><description>C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14 isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be significantly altered by the continuous exposure of Martian surface to cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can effectively produce C-13 and N-15 isotopes via spallation nuclear reactions on oxygen atoms in various Martian rocks. We calculate that in the top meter of the Martian rocks, the rates of production of both C-13 and N-15 due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) exposure can vary within 1.5-6 atoms/cm3/s depending on rocks' depth and chemical composition. We also find that the average solar cosmic rays can produce carbon and nitrogen isotopes at a rate comparable to GCRs in the top 5-10 cm of the Martian rocks. We demonstrate that if the total carbon content in a surface Martian rock is <10 ppm, then the "light," potentially "biological" C-13/C-12 ratio would be effectively erased by cosmic rays over 3.5 billion years of exposure. We found that for the rocks with relatively short exposure ages (e.g., 100 million years), cosmogenic changes in N-15/N-14 ratio are still very significant. We also show that a short exposure to cosmic rays of Allan Hills 84001 while on Mars can explain its high-temperature heavy nitrogen isotopic composition (N-15/N-14). Applications to Martian meteorites and the current Mars Science Laboratory mission are discussed.</description><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon 12</subject><subject>Carbon content</subject><subject>Carbon cycle</subject><subject>carbon isotopes</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Cosmic ray showers</subject><subject>Cosmic rays</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Galactic cosmic rays</subject><subject>High temperature</subject><subject>Isotope composition</subject><subject>Isotope ratios</subject><subject>Isotopes</subject><subject>Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration</subject><subject>Mars</subject><subject>Mars atmosphere</subject><subject>Mars surface</subject><subject>Meteors & meteorites</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Nitrogen isotopes</subject><subject>Nuclear reactions</subject><subject>Organic compounds</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Oxygen atoms</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>SNC meteorites</subject><subject>Solar cosmic rays</subject><subject>Spallation</subject><issn>2169-9097</issn><issn>2169-9100</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kc1vEzEQxS0EElXojSMHS1w4sOCP9cceSxoCVQtSW1TExXKcWXC7sYPtFc1_j9MFVHHoXDzj95unkR5Czyl5Qwlhbxmh7cmCkFZS8QgdMCq7pqvK47896dRTdJjzNaml6xflBygdDQWSLT4GHHtcfgB2Nq3qZMMaB19S_A4B-xxL3HqHXdxsY_Z3vA93_JlNxduA85h66wCn6G4yXo-AS6x83tS1ZHcYbuvmmOAZetLbIcPhn3eGvrxfXM4_NKeflx_nR6eNbQUhTctXrnaw0h2RjFpwa0p4b5lSugPFNdOEylpCgXaKCwDB10DJCqikSvMZejX5blP8OUIuZuOzg2GwAeKYDRWi7YQQ1XWGXv6HXscxhXqdYaKVjEhN-UMUlVy3lMtuT72eKJdizgl6s01-Y9POUGL2SZn7SVWcT_gvP8DuQdacLM8XjDC5P_jFtBVstiaUlPekrMEK1aoqN5Psc4Hbf6Y23RipuBLm6tPSkIv5t-N351fmK_8Nu5mqRw</recordid><startdate>201406</startdate><enddate>201406</enddate><creator>Pavlov, A. A.</creator><creator>Pavlov, A. K.</creator><creator>Ostryakov, V. M.</creator><creator>Vasilyev, G. I.</creator><creator>Mahaffy, P.</creator><creator>Steele, A.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>American Geophysical Union</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CYE</scope><scope>CYI</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201406</creationdate><title>Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure</title><author>Pavlov, A. A. ; Pavlov, A. K. ; Ostryakov, V. M. ; Vasilyev, G. I. ; Mahaffy, P. ; Steele, A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a4500-43bca45eb890621aecd103fa27789e7382801666657e8c735ee53de10be161783</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon 12</topic><topic>Carbon content</topic><topic>Carbon cycle</topic><topic>carbon isotopes</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Cosmic ray showers</topic><topic>Cosmic rays</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Galactic cosmic rays</topic><topic>High temperature</topic><topic>Isotope composition</topic><topic>Isotope ratios</topic><topic>Isotopes</topic><topic>Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration</topic><topic>Mars</topic><topic>Mars atmosphere</topic><topic>Mars surface</topic><topic>Meteors & meteorites</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Nitrogen isotopes</topic><topic>Nuclear reactions</topic><topic>Organic compounds</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>Oxygen atoms</topic><topic>Rocks</topic><topic>SNC meteorites</topic><topic>Solar cosmic rays</topic><topic>Spallation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pavlov, A. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pavlov, A. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ostryakov, V. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vasilyev, G. I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahaffy, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steele, A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>NASA Scientific and Technical Information</collection><collection>NASA Technical Reports Server</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pavlov, A. A.</au><au>Pavlov, A. K.</au><au>Ostryakov, V. M.</au><au>Vasilyev, G. I.</au><au>Mahaffy, P.</au><au>Steele, A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</jtitle><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res. Planets</addtitle><date>2014-06</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>119</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1390</spage><epage>1402</epage><pages>1390-1402</pages><issn>2169-9097</issn><eissn>2169-9100</eissn><abstract>C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14 isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be significantly altered by the continuous exposure of Martian surface to cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can effectively produce C-13 and N-15 isotopes via spallation nuclear reactions on oxygen atoms in various Martian rocks. We calculate that in the top meter of the Martian rocks, the rates of production of both C-13 and N-15 due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) exposure can vary within 1.5-6 atoms/cm3/s depending on rocks' depth and chemical composition. We also find that the average solar cosmic rays can produce carbon and nitrogen isotopes at a rate comparable to GCRs in the top 5-10 cm of the Martian rocks. We demonstrate that if the total carbon content in a surface Martian rock is <10 ppm, then the "light," potentially "biological" C-13/C-12 ratio would be effectively erased by cosmic rays over 3.5 billion years of exposure. We found that for the rocks with relatively short exposure ages (e.g., 100 million years), cosmogenic changes in N-15/N-14 ratio are still very significant. We also show that a short exposure to cosmic rays of Allan Hills 84001 while on Mars can explain its high-temperature heavy nitrogen isotopic composition (N-15/N-14). Applications to Martian meteorites and the current Mars Science Laboratory mission are discussed.</abstract><cop>Goddard Space Flight Center</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1002/2014JE004615</doi><tpages>13</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Carbon Carbon 12 Carbon content Carbon cycle carbon isotopes Chemical composition Cosmic ray showers Cosmic rays Exposure Galactic cosmic rays High temperature Isotope composition Isotope ratios Isotopes Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration Mars Mars atmosphere Mars surface Meteors & meteorites Nitrogen Nitrogen isotopes Nuclear reactions Organic compounds Oxygen Oxygen atoms Rocks SNC meteorites Solar cosmic rays Spallation |
title | Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure |
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