effects of henna (hair dye) on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2014-09, Vol.21 (17), p.10361-10367
• Main Authors: Manjunatha, Bangeppagari, Wei-bing, Peng, Ke-chun, Liu, Marigoudar, Shambanagouda R, Xi-qiang, Chen, Xi-min, Wang, Xue, Wang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: abnormal development; adverse effects; Animals; Aquatic environment; Aquatic life; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Blood circulation; Cell culture; Danio rerio; deformation; Dyes; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Edema; Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects; Embryogenesis; Embryonic Development - drug effects; Embryonic growth stage; Embryos; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Freshwater; Growth rate; growth retardation; Hair; Hair Dyes - toxicity; Hatching; head; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Heart Rate - drug effects; human development; human health; image analysis; Kidney diseases; Laboratories; Larvae; Lawsonia inermis; Morphology; Mortality; Naphthoquinones - toxicity; Notochord; Pericardium; Poisoning; Research Article; Rhabdomyolysis; risk; Self destructive behavior; Spine; Studies; Suicides & suicide attempts; survival rate; tail; Tails; Toxicity; Variance analysis; Waste Water Technology; wastes; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Yolk sac; Zebrafish
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2968-7

The powder of henna is extensively used as decorative skin paint for nail coloring and as a popular hair dye in Asian countries. Its human health risk is extensive, and it is frequently released as waste into the aquatic environment raising the concerns. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were employed to study the developmental effects of henna. Normal fertilized zebrafish embryos under standard water were selected for the control and test chambers. Three predetermined sublethal concentrations (100, 200, and 275 μM) of henna in 24-well cell culture plates were tested on 1-h postfertilized embryo (pfe) for 96 h. Observation for rates of survival and mortality was recorded; digital camera was used to image morphological anomalies of embryos with a stereomicroscope; and functional abnormalities at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were performed. The hatching rates of embryos were reduced significantly when treated with 200 and 275 μM or higher concentrations of henna. Slow blood circulation in the whole body was observed with a median effect on hatching exposed to 200 and 275 μM of henna at 48-h pfe. At 72- and 96-h pfe, blood circulation was ceased in the whole body but still had a heartbeat. At 96-h pfe, pericardial sac edema, yolk sac edema, head deformation, spine crooked malformation, and tail malformation (bent tails or hook-like tails) were observed in the surviving larvae at 100 μM. In summary, exposure to henna at 100, 200, and 275 μM causes some altered morphological and physiological abnormalities including increased mortality, hatching delay, slow blood circulation, pericardial sac edema, yolk sac edema, abnormal body axes, twisted notochord, tail deformation, weak heartbeat, and growth retardation and was also detected in some treated embryos and groups having adverse effects on embryonic development of zebrafish provoking potential human developmental risk studies.