Differences in incidence of suicide attempts between bipolar I and II disorders and major depressive disorder

• Published in: Bipolar disorders 2014-09, Vol.16 (6), p.652-661
• Main Authors: Holma, K Mikael, Haukka, Jari, Suominen, Kirsi, Valtonen, Hanna M, Mantere, Outi, Melartin, Tarja K, Sokero, T Petteri, Oquendo, Maria A, Isometsä, Erkki T
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Age Factors; Age of Onset; bipolar disorder; Bipolar Disorder - classification; Bipolar Disorder - epidemiology; Bipolar Disorder - psychology; Cohort Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major - epidemiology; Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology; Female; Finland - epidemiology; Humans; Incidence; major depressive disorder; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; suicide; suicide attempts; Suicide, Attempted - psychology; Suicide, Attempted - statistics & numerical data; Survival Analysis; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1398-5647; 1399-5618
• DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12195

Objectives Whether risk of suicide attempts (SAs) differs between patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is unclear. We investigated whether cumulative risk differences are due to dissimilarities in time spent in high‐risk states, incidence per unit time in high‐risk states, or both. Methods Incidence rates for SAs during various illness phases, based on prospective life charts, were compared between patients from the Jorvi Bipolar Study (n = 176; 18 months) and the Vantaa Depression Study (n = 249; five years). Risk factors and their interactions with diagnosis were investigated with Cox proportional hazards models. Results By 18 months, 19.9% of patients with BD versus 9.5% of patients with MDD had attempted suicide. However, patients with BD spent 4.6% of the time in mixed episodes, and more time in major depressive episodes (MDEs) (35% versus 21%, respectively) and in subthreshold depression (39% versus 31%, respectively) than those with MDD. Compared with full remission, the combined incidence rates of SAs were 5‐, 25‐, and 65‐fold in subthreshold depression, MDEs, and BD mixed states, respectively. Between cohorts, incidence of attempts was not different during comparable symptom states. In Cox models, hazard was elevated during MDEs and subthreshold depression, and among patients with preceding SAs, female patients, those with poor social support, and those aged