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Near Real-Time Mass Concentration Measurement of Medium and Heavy Elements in Aerosols Using X-Ray Fluorescence

A new aerosol monitor rapidly measures the mass concentration of individual elements with atomic number Z>20 in dust- or smoke-laden air. The device separates the aerosol's nongaseous components by pumping the air through a section of a filter paper tape. After gathering particles for a fixe...

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Published in:American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1997-02, Vol.58 (2), p.98-104
Main Authors: Thomson, George M., Pochan, Cindy A., Markland, Richard A., Thomson, Sandra A.
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container_title American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
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creator Thomson, George M.
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Thomson, Sandra A.
description A new aerosol monitor rapidly measures the mass concentration of individual elements with atomic number Z>20 in dust- or smoke-laden air. The device separates the aerosol's nongaseous components by pumping the air through a section of a filter paper tape. After gathering particles for a fixed period of time, pumping stops and the tape advances, forcing a new section to intercept the airstream and bringing the exposed section in front of a 25 mCi (milli Curies) Cd 109 radioactive source. The source bombards the tape's contents with 22 keV (kilo-electron-Volts) X- rays. These, in turn, induce fluorescence in the trapped atoms; that is, they cause the atoms to emit X-rays of their own at lower but still easily measurable (if Z>20), characteristic energies. An analysis of the latter's X-ray energy spectrum provides raw data revealing the identity and abundance of each corresponding element in the aerosol simultaneously. Note that the X-ray fluorescence method is independent of the state of chemical combination of the species in question. A prototype device has been tested using deployed uranium and iron aerosols and prepared calibration deposits containing the elements U, Cr, Pb, Hg, W, Br, I, Mo, Cu, Zn, Fe, and As.With the exception of iodine, it readily measured levels corresponding to mass concentrations of a few tens of μg/m 3 or less in 10 minutes. At mass concentrations in the few mg/m 3 range, measurement times of a minute or less were easily achieved. This sensitivity, coupled with its ease of calibration, straightforward data analysis, and basic simplicity make the instrument suitable for many applications, especially those involving field work.
doi_str_mv 10.1080/15428119791012919
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identifier ISSN: 0002-8894
ispartof American Industrial Hygiene Association journal, 1997-02, Vol.58 (2), p.98-104
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subjects Aerosols
Analysis methods
Applied sciences
Atmospheric pollution
Atoms & subatomic particles
Calibration
Energy
Exact sciences and technology
Fluorescence
heavy elements
Laboratories
Pollution
Process controls
Radiation
Real time
Safety management
Sensors
Studies
Uranium
X-ray fluorescence
X-rays
title Near Real-Time Mass Concentration Measurement of Medium and Heavy Elements in Aerosols Using X-Ray Fluorescence
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