The Sudanese female face: Normative craniofacial measurements and comparison with African–American and North American White females

• Published in: Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery 2014-12, Vol.42 (8), p.1704-1709
• Main Authors: Salah, Muhja, Higzi, M.A. Idris, Ali, Raouf W, Naini, Farhad B
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; African Americans; African Continental Ancestry Group; Cephalometry - methods; Chin - anatomy & histology; Craniofacial anthropometry; Dentistry; European Continental Ancestry Group; Eye - anatomy & histology; Eyelids - anatomy & histology; Face - anatomy & histology; Female; Female face; Forehead - anatomy & histology; Humans; Lip - anatomy & histology; Mandible - anatomy & histology; Maxilla - anatomy & histology; Mouth - anatomy & histology; Nasal Cartilages - anatomy & histology; Normative values; North America; Nose - anatomy & histology; Photography - methods; Sudan; Sudanese; Surgery; Vertical Dimension; Young Adult; Zygoma - anatomy & histology
• ISSN: 1010-5182; 1878-4119
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.06.003

Abstract Background Ethnic differences in craniofacial dimensions and proportional relationships means that ethnicity-specific data is required for both diagnosis and treatment planning. This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) population, compares with North American White (NAW) and African–American females (AA), and analyses the occurrence of neoclassical norms within the study sample. Methods Standardized frontal and profile facial photographs were taken of 100 female participants. Five vertical and five horizontal anthropometric measurements were determined. Results Significant differences were found between the 3 populations. The sample showed very poor compliance with the neoclassical norms. The upper face height of the SF was ∼20-mm taller than the AA faces ( p