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The Sudanese female face: Normative craniofacial measurements and comparison with African–American and North American White females
Abstract Background Ethnic differences in craniofacial dimensions and proportional relationships means that ethnicity-specific data is required for both diagnosis and treatment planning. This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) populati...
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| Published in: | Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery 2014-12, Vol.42 (8), p.1704-1709 |
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| creator | Salah, Muhja Higzi, M.A. Idris Ali, Raouf W Naini, Farhad B |
| description | Abstract Background Ethnic differences in craniofacial dimensions and proportional relationships means that ethnicity-specific data is required for both diagnosis and treatment planning. This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) population, compares with North American White (NAW) and African–American females (AA), and analyses the occurrence of neoclassical norms within the study sample. Methods Standardized frontal and profile facial photographs were taken of 100 female participants. Five vertical and five horizontal anthropometric measurements were determined. Results Significant differences were found between the 3 populations. The sample showed very poor compliance with the neoclassical norms. The upper face height of the SF was ∼20-mm taller than the AA faces ( p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.06.003 |
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This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) population, compares with North American White (NAW) and African–American females (AA), and analyses the occurrence of neoclassical norms within the study sample. Methods Standardized frontal and profile facial photographs were taken of 100 female participants. Five vertical and five horizontal anthropometric measurements were determined. Results Significant differences were found between the 3 populations. The sample showed very poor compliance with the neoclassical norms. The upper face height of the SF was ∼20-mm taller than the AA faces ( p < 0.001). Midface, nasal and lower face heights were also significantly taller, by 15-mm, 10-mm and 10-mm respectively ( p < 0.001). SF showed significant reduction in bizygomatic width (∼30-mm), compared to NAW and AA ( p < 0.001). Eye width was ∼5-mm less than the AA sample and 3-mm less than the NAW sample ( p < 0.001). Mouth width was ∼5-mm less in SF than the other two groups ( p < 0.001). The SF exhibited a reduced interalar width compared with AA ( p < 0.001), but wider than the NAW ( p < 0.001). Conclusions The average SF face is significantly taller and narrower than the AA or NAW female face. The neoclassical proportional norms appear to be unreliable guides in relation to the SF face, and should not be used in comparative diagnosis and treatment planning. Use of the normative anthropometric data presented in this article, both linear and proportional values, should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of young adult female patients of Sudanese descent.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1010-5182</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-4119</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.06.003</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25012648</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Scotland: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescent ; African Americans ; African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cephalometry - methods ; Chin - anatomy & histology ; Craniofacial anthropometry ; Dentistry ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Eye - anatomy & histology ; Eyelids - anatomy & histology ; Face - anatomy & histology ; Female ; Female face ; Forehead - anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Lip - anatomy & histology ; Mandible - anatomy & histology ; Maxilla - anatomy & histology ; Mouth - anatomy & histology ; Nasal Cartilages - anatomy & histology ; Normative values ; North America ; Nose - anatomy & histology ; Photography - methods ; Sudan ; Sudanese ; Surgery ; Vertical Dimension ; Young Adult ; Zygoma - anatomy & histology]]></subject><ispartof>Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery, 2014-12, Vol.42 (8), p.1704-1709</ispartof><rights>2014</rights><rights>Crown Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c411t-431f2bbcba030d6e3949e0f31a8981c6e6a9ee136ef7ad7293acb1572bd3b34d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c411t-431f2bbcba030d6e3949e0f31a8981c6e6a9ee136ef7ad7293acb1572bd3b34d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27898,27899</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012648$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Salah, Muhja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Higzi, M.A. Idris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Raouf W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naini, Farhad B</creatorcontrib><title>The Sudanese female face: Normative craniofacial measurements and comparison with African–American and North American White females</title><title>Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery</title><addtitle>J Craniomaxillofac Surg</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Abstract Background Ethnic differences in craniofacial dimensions and proportional relationships means that ethnicity-specific data is required for both diagnosis and treatment planning. This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) population, compares with North American White (NAW) and African–American females (AA), and analyses the occurrence of neoclassical norms within the study sample. Methods Standardized frontal and profile facial photographs were taken of 100 female participants. Five vertical and five horizontal anthropometric measurements were determined. Results Significant differences were found between the 3 populations. The sample showed very poor compliance with the neoclassical norms. The upper face height of the SF was ∼20-mm taller than the AA faces ( p < 0.001). Midface, nasal and lower face heights were also significantly taller, by 15-mm, 10-mm and 10-mm respectively ( p < 0.001). SF showed significant reduction in bizygomatic width (∼30-mm), compared to NAW and AA ( p < 0.001). Eye width was ∼5-mm less than the AA sample and 3-mm less than the NAW sample ( p < 0.001). Mouth width was ∼5-mm less in SF than the other two groups ( p < 0.001). The SF exhibited a reduced interalar width compared with AA ( p < 0.001), but wider than the NAW ( p < 0.001). Conclusions The average SF face is significantly taller and narrower than the AA or NAW female face. The neoclassical proportional norms appear to be unreliable guides in relation to the SF face, and should not be used in comparative diagnosis and treatment planning. Use of the normative anthropometric data presented in this article, both linear and proportional values, should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of young adult female patients of Sudanese descent.]]></description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>African Americans</subject><subject>African Continental Ancestry Group</subject><subject>Cephalometry - methods</subject><subject>Chin - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Craniofacial anthropometry</subject><subject>Dentistry</subject><subject>European Continental Ancestry Group</subject><subject>Eye - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Eyelids - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Face - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Female face</subject><subject>Forehead - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lip - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Mandible - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Maxilla - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Mouth - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Nasal Cartilages - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Normative values</subject><subject>North America</subject><subject>Nose - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Photography - methods</subject><subject>Sudan</subject><subject>Sudanese</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Vertical Dimension</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><subject>Zygoma - anatomy & histology</subject><issn>1010-5182</issn><issn>1878-4119</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9ks9u1DAQxi0EoqXwAhxQjlwSZuzEmyCEtKr4J1VwaBFHy3EmWofYWeykqDcuPAFvyJPgdLscOHCakf19nzU_D2NPEQoElC-GYjAuFhywLEAWAOIeO8V6U-clYnM_9YCQV1jzE_YoxgEAJNTNQ3bCK0Auy_qU_bzaUXa5dNpTpKwnp8dUtKGX2ccpOD3ba8pM0N5O6dTqMXOk4xLIkZ9jpn2XmcntdbBx8tl3O--ybR-s0f73j19bR7ftrSzFrZfHoy87Ox8fjI_Zg16PkZ7c1TP2-e2bq_P3-cWndx_Otxe5SRPNeSmw521rWg0COkmiKRuCXqCumxqNJKkbIhSS-o3uNrwR2rRYbXjbiVaUnThjzw-5-zB9WyjOytloaBzT-NMSFUpRJYzYlEnKD1ITphgD9WofrNPhRiGoFb8a1IpfrfgVSJV8yfTsLn9pHXV_LUfeSfDqIKA05bWloKKx5A11NpCZVTfZ_-e__sduRusTz_Er3VAcpiX4xE-hilyBulwXYP1_LAHSYlTiD9uxrjE</recordid><startdate>20141201</startdate><enddate>20141201</enddate><creator>Salah, Muhja</creator><creator>Higzi, M.A. Idris</creator><creator>Ali, Raouf W</creator><creator>Naini, Farhad B</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141201</creationdate><title>The Sudanese female face: Normative craniofacial measurements and comparison with African–American and North American White females</title><author>Salah, Muhja ; Higzi, M.A. Idris ; Ali, Raouf W ; Naini, Farhad B</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c411t-431f2bbcba030d6e3949e0f31a8981c6e6a9ee136ef7ad7293acb1572bd3b34d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>African Americans</topic><topic>African Continental Ancestry Group</topic><topic>Cephalometry - methods</topic><topic>Chin - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Craniofacial anthropometry</topic><topic>Dentistry</topic><topic>European Continental Ancestry Group</topic><topic>Eye - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Eyelids - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Face - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Female face</topic><topic>Forehead - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lip - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Mandible - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Maxilla - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Mouth - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Nasal Cartilages - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Normative values</topic><topic>North America</topic><topic>Nose - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Photography - methods</topic><topic>Sudan</topic><topic>Sudanese</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Vertical Dimension</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><topic>Zygoma - anatomy & histology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Salah, Muhja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Higzi, M.A. Idris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Raouf W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naini, Farhad B</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Salah, Muhja</au><au>Higzi, M.A. Idris</au><au>Ali, Raouf W</au><au>Naini, Farhad B</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Sudanese female face: Normative craniofacial measurements and comparison with African–American and North American White females</atitle><jtitle>Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery</jtitle><addtitle>J Craniomaxillofac Surg</addtitle><date>2014-12-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>42</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1704</spage><epage>1709</epage><pages>1704-1709</pages><issn>1010-5182</issn><eissn>1878-4119</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Abstract Background Ethnic differences in craniofacial dimensions and proportional relationships means that ethnicity-specific data is required for both diagnosis and treatment planning. This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) population, compares with North American White (NAW) and African–American females (AA), and analyses the occurrence of neoclassical norms within the study sample. Methods Standardized frontal and profile facial photographs were taken of 100 female participants. Five vertical and five horizontal anthropometric measurements were determined. Results Significant differences were found between the 3 populations. The sample showed very poor compliance with the neoclassical norms. The upper face height of the SF was ∼20-mm taller than the AA faces ( p < 0.001). Midface, nasal and lower face heights were also significantly taller, by 15-mm, 10-mm and 10-mm respectively ( p < 0.001). SF showed significant reduction in bizygomatic width (∼30-mm), compared to NAW and AA ( p < 0.001). Eye width was ∼5-mm less than the AA sample and 3-mm less than the NAW sample ( p < 0.001). Mouth width was ∼5-mm less in SF than the other two groups ( p < 0.001). The SF exhibited a reduced interalar width compared with AA ( p < 0.001), but wider than the NAW ( p < 0.001). Conclusions The average SF face is significantly taller and narrower than the AA or NAW female face. The neoclassical proportional norms appear to be unreliable guides in relation to the SF face, and should not be used in comparative diagnosis and treatment planning. Use of the normative anthropometric data presented in this article, both linear and proportional values, should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of young adult female patients of Sudanese descent.]]></abstract><cop>Scotland</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>25012648</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jcms.2014.06.003</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent African Americans African Continental Ancestry Group Cephalometry - methods Chin - anatomy & histology Craniofacial anthropometry Dentistry European Continental Ancestry Group Eye - anatomy & histology Eyelids - anatomy & histology Face - anatomy & histology Female Female face Forehead - anatomy & histology Humans Lip - anatomy & histology Mandible - anatomy & histology Maxilla - anatomy & histology Mouth - anatomy & histology Nasal Cartilages - anatomy & histology Normative values North America Nose - anatomy & histology Photography - methods Sudan Sudanese Surgery Vertical Dimension Young Adult Zygoma - anatomy & histology |
| title | The Sudanese female face: Normative craniofacial measurements and comparison with African–American and North American White females |
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