Dynamical Downscaling of Austral Summer Climate Forecasts over Southern Africa Using a Regional Coupled Model

• Published in: Journal of climate 2013-08, Vol.26 (16), p.6015-6032
• Main Authors: Ratnam, J. V., Behera, S. K., Ratna, S. B., de W. Rautenbach, C. J., Lennard, C., Luo, J.-J., Masumoto, Y., Takahashi, K., Yamagata, T.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air temperature; Anomalies; Atmospheric models; Bias; Boundary conditions; Case studies; Climate; Climate models; Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change; Correlation; Earth, ocean, space; Ensemble forecasting; Estimation bias; Exact sciences and technology; External geophysics; Fluxes; Forecasting models; General circulation models; Geophysics. Techniques, methods, instrumentation and models; Heat; Heat flux; Heat transfer; Marine; Mathematical models; Meteorology; Mixed layer; Modeling; Modelling; Moisture; Moisture effects; Ocean models; Oceans; Physics; Precipitation; Precipitation anomalies; Precipitation forecasting; Radiation; Research facilities; Sea surface; Sea surface temperature; Seasonal forecasting; Simulation; Simulations; Spatial distribution; Studies; Summer climates; Surface temperature; Surface-air temperature relationships; Temperature; Tropical regions; Weather forecasting
• ISSN: 0894-8755; 1520-0442
• DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00645.1

The prediction skill of dynamical downscaling is evaluated for climate forecasts over southern Africa using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. As a case study, forecasts for the December–February (DJF) season of 2011/12 are evaluated. Initial and boundary conditions for the WRF model were taken from the seasonal forecasts of the Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change (SINTEX-F) coupled general circulation model. In addition to sea surface temperature (SST) forecasts generated by nine-member ensemble forecasts of SINTEX-F, the WRF was also configured to use SST generated by a simple mixed layer Price–Weller–Pinkel ocean model coupled to the WRF model. Analysis of the ensemble mean shows that the uncoupled WRF model significantly increases the biases (errors) in precipitation forecasted by SINTEX-F. When coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean model, the WRF model improves the spatial distribution of precipitation over southern Africa through a better representation of the moisture fluxes. Precipitation anomalies forecasted by the coupled WRF are seen to be significantly correlated with the observed precipitation anomalies over South Africa, Zimbabwe, southern Madagascar, and parts of Zambia and Angola. This is in contrast to the SINTEX-F global model precipitation anomaly forecasts that are closer to observations only for parts of Zimbabwe and South Africa. Therefore, the dynamical downscaling with the coupled WRF adds value to the SINTEX-F precipitation forecasts over southern Africa. However, the WRF model yields positive biases (>2°C) in surface air temperature forecasts over the southern African landmass in both the coupled and uncoupled configurations because of biases in the net heat fluxes.