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Stability and Charging Characteristics of the Comma Head Region of Continental Winter Cyclones
This paper presents analyses of the finescale structure of convection in the comma head of two continental winter cyclones and a 16-storm climatology analyzing the distribution of lightning within the comma head. A case study of a deep cyclone is presented illustrating how upper-tropospheric dry air...
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Published in: | Journal of the atmospheric sciences 2014-05, Vol.71 (5), p.1559-1582 |
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container_title | Journal of the atmospheric sciences |
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creator | Rauber, Robert M Wegman, Joseph Plummer, David M Rosenow, Andrew A Peterson, Melissa McFarquhar, Greg M Jewett, Brian F Leon, David Market, Patrick S Knupp, Kevin R |
description | This paper presents analyses of the finescale structure of convection in the comma head of two continental winter cyclones and a 16-storm climatology analyzing the distribution of lightning within the comma head. A case study of a deep cyclone is presented illustrating how upper-tropospheric dry air associated with the dry slot can intrude over moist Gulf air, creating two zones of precipitation within the comma head: a northern zone characterized by deep stratiform clouds topped by generating cells and a southern zone marked by elevated convection. Lightning, when it occurred, originated from the elevated convection. A second case study of a cutoff low is presented to examine the relationship between lightning flashes and wintertime convection. Updrafts within convective cells in both storms approached 6-8 m s super(-1), and convective available potential energy in the cell environment reached approximately 50-250 J kg super(-1). Radar measurements obtained in convective updraft regions showed enhanced spectral width within the temperature range from -10 degree to -20 degree C, while microphysical measurements showed the simultaneous presence of graupel, ice particles, and supercooled water at the same temperatures, together supporting noninductive charging as an important charging mechanism in these storms. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0253.1 |
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A case study of a deep cyclone is presented illustrating how upper-tropospheric dry air associated with the dry slot can intrude over moist Gulf air, creating two zones of precipitation within the comma head: a northern zone characterized by deep stratiform clouds topped by generating cells and a southern zone marked by elevated convection. Lightning, when it occurred, originated from the elevated convection. A second case study of a cutoff low is presented to examine the relationship between lightning flashes and wintertime convection. Updrafts within convective cells in both storms approached 6-8 m s super(-1), and convective available potential energy in the cell environment reached approximately 50-250 J kg super(-1). Radar measurements obtained in convective updraft regions showed enhanced spectral width within the temperature range from -10 degree to -20 degree C, while microphysical measurements showed the simultaneous presence of graupel, ice particles, and supercooled water at the same temperatures, together supporting noninductive charging as an important charging mechanism in these storms.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-4928</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-0469</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0253.1</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JAHSAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston: American Meteorological Society</publisher><subject>Air ; Aircraft ; Case studies ; Cells ; Charging ; Climatology ; Clouds ; Cold ; Convection ; Convective available potential energy ; Convective cells ; Cyclones ; Dry air ; Drying ; Elevated ; Graupel ; Ice ; Ice particles ; Laboratories ; Lakes ; Lightning ; Lightning flashes ; Meteorology ; Potential energy ; Precipitation ; Radar ; Radar measurement ; Snow ; Storms ; Stratiform clouds ; Supercooled water ; Thunderstorms ; Updraft ; Winter</subject><ispartof>Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 2014-05, Vol.71 (5), p.1559-1582</ispartof><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society May 2014</rights><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c470t-361874b0945733b5f10fc57e5818665d97e9776f28bcb406ac39307d695c145d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c470t-361874b0945733b5f10fc57e5818665d97e9776f28bcb406ac39307d695c145d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rauber, Robert M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wegman, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plummer, David M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosenow, Andrew A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Melissa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McFarquhar, Greg M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jewett, Brian F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leon, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Market, Patrick S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knupp, Kevin R</creatorcontrib><title>Stability and Charging Characteristics of the Comma Head Region of Continental Winter Cyclones</title><title>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</title><description>This paper presents analyses of the finescale structure of convection in the comma head of two continental winter cyclones and a 16-storm climatology analyzing the distribution of lightning within the comma head. A case study of a deep cyclone is presented illustrating how upper-tropospheric dry air associated with the dry slot can intrude over moist Gulf air, creating two zones of precipitation within the comma head: a northern zone characterized by deep stratiform clouds topped by generating cells and a southern zone marked by elevated convection. Lightning, when it occurred, originated from the elevated convection. A second case study of a cutoff low is presented to examine the relationship between lightning flashes and wintertime convection. Updrafts within convective cells in both storms approached 6-8 m s super(-1), and convective available potential energy in the cell environment reached approximately 50-250 J kg super(-1). Radar measurements obtained in convective updraft regions showed enhanced spectral width within the temperature range from -10 degree to -20 degree C, while microphysical measurements showed the simultaneous presence of graupel, ice particles, and supercooled water at the same temperatures, together supporting noninductive charging as an important charging mechanism in these storms.</description><subject>Air</subject><subject>Aircraft</subject><subject>Case studies</subject><subject>Cells</subject><subject>Charging</subject><subject>Climatology</subject><subject>Clouds</subject><subject>Cold</subject><subject>Convection</subject><subject>Convective available potential energy</subject><subject>Convective cells</subject><subject>Cyclones</subject><subject>Dry air</subject><subject>Drying</subject><subject>Elevated</subject><subject>Graupel</subject><subject>Ice</subject><subject>Ice particles</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Lakes</subject><subject>Lightning</subject><subject>Lightning flashes</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Potential energy</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Radar</subject><subject>Radar measurement</subject><subject>Snow</subject><subject>Storms</subject><subject>Stratiform clouds</subject><subject>Supercooled 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sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rauber, Robert M</au><au>Wegman, Joseph</au><au>Plummer, David M</au><au>Rosenow, Andrew A</au><au>Peterson, Melissa</au><au>McFarquhar, Greg M</au><au>Jewett, Brian F</au><au>Leon, David</au><au>Market, Patrick S</au><au>Knupp, Kevin R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Stability and Charging Characteristics of the Comma Head Region of Continental Winter Cyclones</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</jtitle><date>2014-05-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>71</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1559</spage><epage>1582</epage><pages>1559-1582</pages><issn>0022-4928</issn><eissn>1520-0469</eissn><coden>JAHSAK</coden><abstract>This paper presents analyses of the finescale structure of convection in the comma head of two continental winter cyclones and a 16-storm climatology analyzing the distribution of lightning within the comma head. A case study of a deep cyclone is presented illustrating how upper-tropospheric dry air associated with the dry slot can intrude over moist Gulf air, creating two zones of precipitation within the comma head: a northern zone characterized by deep stratiform clouds topped by generating cells and a southern zone marked by elevated convection. Lightning, when it occurred, originated from the elevated convection. A second case study of a cutoff low is presented to examine the relationship between lightning flashes and wintertime convection. Updrafts within convective cells in both storms approached 6-8 m s super(-1), and convective available potential energy in the cell environment reached approximately 50-250 J kg super(-1). Radar measurements obtained in convective updraft regions showed enhanced spectral width within the temperature range from -10 degree to -20 degree C, while microphysical measurements showed the simultaneous presence of graupel, ice particles, and supercooled water at the same temperatures, together supporting noninductive charging as an important charging mechanism in these storms.</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/JAS-D-13-0253.1</doi><tpages>24</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Air Aircraft Case studies Cells Charging Climatology Clouds Cold Convection Convective available potential energy Convective cells Cyclones Dry air Drying Elevated Graupel Ice Ice particles Laboratories Lakes Lightning Lightning flashes Meteorology Potential energy Precipitation Radar Radar measurement Snow Storms Stratiform clouds Supercooled water Thunderstorms Updraft Winter |
title | Stability and Charging Characteristics of the Comma Head Region of Continental Winter Cyclones |
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