Developing robust field survey protocols in landscape ecology: a case study on birds, plants and butterflies

• Published in: Biodiversity and conservation 2015-01, Vol.24 (1), p.33-46
• Main Authors: Loos, Jacqueline, Hanspach, Jan, von Wehrden, Henrik, Beldean, Monica, Moga, Cosmin Ioan, Fischer, Joern
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Birds; Butterflies; Butterflies & moths; Case studies; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts; Conservation Biology/Ecology; data collection; Distribution patterns; Diversity indices; Ecology; Flowers & plants; Heterogeneity; Land management; Landscape ecology; landscapes; Life Sciences; Management science; Original Paper; Polls & surveys; scientists; Species diversity; Species richness; surveys; Sustainability management; sustainable land management
• ISSN: 0960-3115; 1572-9710
• DOI: 10.1007/s10531-014-0786-3

Sustainable land management requires scientists to provide reliable data on diversity distribution patterns. Resource restrictions limit the affordable sampling effort, both with respect to number of survey sites and amount of effort per site. We compared different levels of survey effort in a case study in Central Romania, varying the number of repeats per site and number of survey sites. Target taxa were plants, birds and butterflies. For plants, we surveyed three 10 m²plots and ten plots of 1 m²at each site. For birds, we used point counts and for butterflies Pollard walks, in both cases with four repeats. We fitted hierarchical community models to estimate true species richness per site. Estimates of true species richness per site strongly correlated with observed species richness. However, hierarchical community models yielded unrealistically high estimates of true species richness per site, hence we used observed richness for further analyses. For each species group, we compared diversity indices from subsets of the dataset with the full dataset. Findings obtained with a reduced survey effort reflected well those obtained with full effort. Moreover, we conducted a power analysis to assess how the number of survey sites affected the minimum detectable effect of landscape heterogeneity on species richness, and found there was an exponential decrease in the minimum detectable effect with increasing number of sites. In combination, our findings suggest that assessing broad diversity patterns in abundant and readily detectable organisms may be possible with relatively low survey effort per site. Our study demonstrates the utility of conducting pilot studies prior to designing large-scale studies on diversity distribution patterns.