Facilitators and Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Enrollment in Medicaid: Experiences of Georgia’s Women’s Health Medicaid Program Enrollees

• Published in: Journal of cancer education 2015-03, Vol.30 (1), p.45-52
• Main Authors: Blake, Sarah C., Andes, Karen, Hilb, Laura, Gaska, Karie, Chien, Linien, Flowers, Lisa, Adams, E. Kathleen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; African Americans; Attrition (Research Studies); Barriers; Biographies; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer; Cancer Research; Cervical cancer; Death; Early Detection of Cancer; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Females; Follow-Up Studies; Georgia; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Inequality; Low Income; Medicaid; Medical diagnosis; Medical screening; Middle Aged; Mortality Rate; Neoplasm Staging; Patient Participation; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Prognosis; Public Health; Qualitative research; Racial Differences; Recruitment; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - prevention & control; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - psychology; Vaginal Smears - psychology; Whites; Women's Health
• ISSN: 0885-8195; 1543-0154
• DOI: 10.1007/s13187-014-0685-z

Although cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates have declined in the USA, African American women have a higher incidence rate of cervical cancer and a higher percentage of late-stage diagnosis than white women. Previous analyses by the authors showed that, even after adjusting for age, provider location, and availability, African American women were almost half as likely as white women to be diagnosed or enter Medicaid while at an early stage of their cervical cancer. To understand why these differences exist, we undertook a qualitative examination of the cervical cancer experiences of women enrolled in Georgia’s Women’s Health Medicaid Program (WHMP). Life history interviews were conducted with 24 WHMP enrollees to understand what factors shaped their cervical cancer experiences, from screening through enrollment in Medicaid. We also examined whether these factors differed by race in order to identify opportunities for increasing awareness of cervical cancer screening among underserved women. Results suggest that many women, especially African Americans, lacked understanding and recognition of early symptoms of cervical cancer, which prevented them from receiving a timely diagnosis. Additionally, participants responded positively to provider support and good communication but wished that their doctors explained their diagnosis more clearly. Finally, women were able to enroll in Medicaid without difficulty due largely to the assistance of clinical staff. These findings support the need to strengthen provider education and public health efforts to reach low-income and minority communities for screening and early detection of cervical cancer.