The contribution of attenuated selection in utero to small-for-gestational-age (SGA) among term African American male infants

• Published in: Social science & medicine (1982) 2013-07, Vol.88, p.83-89
• Main Authors: Goodman, Julia M., Karasek, Deborah, Anderson, Elizabeth, Catalano, Ralph A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abortion; Adult; African Americans; African Americans - psychology; African Americans - statistics & numerical data; Babies; Biological and medical sciences; Biology; Black White Differences; Boys; California; Diseases of mother, fetus and pregnancy; European Continental Ancestry Group - psychology; European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data; Female; Females; Gestational Age; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Infants; Male; Males; Medical sciences; Mental stress; Miscellaneous; Mothers; Natural selection; Pregnancy; Pregnancy. Fetus. Placenta; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Racial differences; Racial differentiation; Sensitivity analysis; Small-for-gestational-age; Spontaneous abortion; Stress; Stress, Psychological - ethnology; Term Birth; Time series; U.S.A; Unemployment; Unemployment - psychology; Unemployment - statistics & numerical data; Women's health; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0277-9536; 1873-5347
• DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.006

Natural selection conserves mechanisms allowing women to spontaneously abort gestations least likely to yield fit offspring. Small gestational size has been proposed as an indicator of fitness observable by maternal biology. Previous research suggests that exposure to ambient stress in utero results in more “culling” of small fetuses and therefore lower rates of small-for-gestational-age (SGA). However, African American women persistently have higher rates of SGA than non-Hispanic white women, despite experiencing more ambient stress. This paper tests whether attenuation of the stress response among highly stressed African American women, as suggested by the weathering hypothesis, may help to explain this apparent inconsistency. We apply time-series modeling to over 2 million African American and non-Hispanic white male term births in California over the period of January 1989 through December 2010. We test for the parabolic (i.e., “U” shaped) relationship, implied by an attenuated stress response, between unusually strong labor market contraction and the rate of SGA among African American term male infants, and a linear relationship among non-Hispanic whites. We find the hypothesized parabolic relationship among term male African American infants. As expected, we find a linear relationship between unexpected layoffs and the rate of SGA among term male non-Hispanic whites. These results are robust to sensitivity analyses. These results may help to explain the high rates of SGA among term male African American infants, despite greater maternal exposure to ambient stress during pregnancy. •Experiencing stress during gestation may result in spontaneous abortion of small fetuses.•This results in a lower rate of SGA among term male fetuses in stressed cohorts.•African American women who experience high rates of environmental stress may exhibit an attenuated stress response.•This reduces “culling” of small fetuses and may help to explain persistent racial disparities in SGA.