Multitasking antimicrobial peptides in plant development and host defense against biotic/abiotic stress

• Published in: Plant science (Limerick) 2014-11, Vol.228, p.135-149
• Main Authors: Goyal, Ravinder K., Mattoo, Autar K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - physiology; Biotechnology; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Hypersensitive response; Immunity, Innate; Microbe interactions; Plant Development; Plant Immunity; Reactive oxygen species; Stress, Physiological; Transgenic plants
• ISSN: 0168-9452; 1873-2259
• DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.012

•Antimicrobial peptides modulate R-gene mediated host defense and plant development.•AMPs are not genetically separated in evolutionary divergent organisms.•AMPs provide low-cost high-resistance compared to R-gene mediated defense. Crop losses due to pathogens are a major threat to global food security. Plants employ a multilayer defense against a pathogen including the use of physical barriers (cell wall), induction of hypersensitive defense response (HR), resistance (R) proteins, and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Unlike a complex R gene-mediated immunity, AMPs directly target diverse microbial pathogens. Many a times, R-mediated immunity breaks down and plant defense is compromised. Although R-gene dependent pathogen resistance has been well studied, comparatively little is known about the interactions of AMPs with host defense and physiology. AMPs are ubiquitous, low molecular weight peptides that display broad spectrum resistance against bacteria, fungi and viruses. In plants, AMPs are mainly classified into cyclotides, defensins, thionins, lipid transfer proteins, snakins, and hevein-like vicilin-like and knottins. Genetic distance lineages suggest their conservation with minimal effect of speciation events during evolution. AMPs provide durable resistance in plants through a combination of membrane lysis and cellular toxicity of the pathogen. Plant hormones – gibberellins, ethylene, jasmonates, and salicylic acid, are among the physiological regulators that regulate the expression of AMPs. Transgenically produced AMP-plants have become a means showing that AMPs are able to mitigate host defense responses while providing durable resistance against pathogens.