Normal table of embryonic development in the four-toed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum

• Published in: Mechanisms of development 2015-05, Vol.136, p.99-110
• Main Authors: Hurney, C.A., Babcock, S.K., Shook, D.R., Pelletier, T.M., Turner, S.D., Maturo, J., Cogbill, S., Snow, M.C., Kinch, K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amphibian; Animals; Embryonic development; Embryonic Development - physiology; Female; Gastrulation - physiology; Neurulation - physiology; Normal table; Organogenesis - physiology; Plethodontid; Urodela - embryology
• ISSN: 0925-4773; 1872-6356
• DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.12.007

•Comprehensive analysis of external embryonic development in Hemidactylium scutatum.•Extends analyses of embryonic development of members of the Plethodontid family.•Insights into the timing of embryonic events within a divergent group of vertebrates. We present a complete staging table of normal development for the lungless salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Terrestrial egg clutches from naturally ovipositing females were collected and maintained at 15 °C in the laboratory. Observations, photographs, and time-lapse movies of embryos were taken throughout the 45-day embryonic period. The complete normal table of development for H. scutatum is divided into 28 stages and extends previous analyses of H. scutatum embryonic development (Bishop, 1920; Humphrey, 1928). Early embryonic stage classifications through neurulation reflect criteria described for Xenopus laevis, Ambystoma maculatum and other salamanders. Later embryonic stage assignments are based on unique features of H. scutatum embryos. Additionally, we provide morphological analysis of gastrulation and neurulation, as well as details on external aspects of eye, gill, limb, pigmentation, and tail development to support future research related to phylogeny, comparative embryology, and molecular mechanisms of development.