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Evolution of the pygmy-forest edaphic subspecies of Pinus contorta across an ecological staircase
Patterns of allozyme variation within and between two of the subspecies of Pinus contorta were examined for the evolutionary relationship between them. In coastal northern California, these subspecies are parapatric. Pinus contorta ssp. contorta occurs on grassy coastal bluffs on the lowest and youn...
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Published in: | Evolution 1994-08, Vol.48 (4), p.1009-1019 |
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description | Patterns of allozyme variation within and between two of the subspecies of Pinus contorta were examined for the evolutionary relationship between them. In coastal northern California, these subspecies are parapatric. Pinus contorta ssp. contorta occurs on grassy coastal bluffs on the lowest and youngest of a sequence of five marine terraces; P contorta ssp. bolanderi is endemic to a pygmy forest ecosystem that occurs on the increasingly older and harsher soils of the third, fourth, and fifth terraces. The soils of the upper three terraces are characterized by extreme podzolization, low pH, low nutrient availability, summer drought (with periodic fires), and winter surface flooding above the hardpan. Dune and cliff soils support a tall redwood and Douglas-fir forest between the terraces. Analyses of seeds collected from 11 pygmy-forest and 6 coastal populations showed ssp. bolanderi to have significantly less allozyme variation than spp. contorta. The two subspecies did not show the phylogenetic dichotomy in allozyme allelic constitutions expected for subspecific classification. Within ssp. bolanderi, the pattern of genetic distances correlated better with edaphic differences among sites than with geographic distance. It appears that ssp. bolanderi is a recently evolved derivative of ssp. contorta, and that the low degree of allozyme differentiation among the bolanderi populations may be due to colonization of the sites by small numbers of individuals, or to hitchhiking of allozyme loci linked to loci undergoing strong selection imposed by the severe edaphic conditions typical of bolanderi sites. |
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In coastal northern California, these subspecies are parapatric. Pinus contorta ssp. contorta occurs on grassy coastal bluffs on the lowest and youngest of a sequence of five marine terraces; P contorta ssp. bolanderi is endemic to a pygmy forest ecosystem that occurs on the increasingly older and harsher soils of the third, fourth, and fifth terraces. The soils of the upper three terraces are characterized by extreme podzolization, low pH, low nutrient availability, summer drought (with periodic fires), and winter surface flooding above the hardpan. Dune and cliff soils support a tall redwood and Douglas-fir forest between the terraces. Analyses of seeds collected from 11 pygmy-forest and 6 coastal populations showed ssp. bolanderi to have significantly less allozyme variation than spp. contorta. The two subspecies did not show the phylogenetic dichotomy in allozyme allelic constitutions expected for subspecific classification. Within ssp. bolanderi, the pattern of genetic distances correlated better with edaphic differences among sites than with geographic distance. It appears that ssp. bolanderi is a recently evolved derivative of ssp. contorta, and that the low degree of allozyme differentiation among the bolanderi populations may be due to colonization of the sites by small numbers of individuals, or to hitchhiking of allozyme loci linked to loci undergoing strong selection imposed by the severe edaphic conditions typical of bolanderi sites.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0014-3820</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-5646</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2307/2410362</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>St. Louis: Society for the Study of Evolution</publisher><subject>Alleles ; california ; californie ; Coastal forests ; Coniferous forests ; ecologia forestal ; ecologie forestiere ; Ecology ; edaphic factors ; enzimas ; enzyme ; enzymes ; evolucion ; Evolution ; facteur edaphique ; factores edaficos ; forest ecology ; Forest soils ; gene ; Gene flow ; genes ; Genetic aspects ; Genetic loci ; genetic variation ; habitat ; habitats ; heterocigotos ; heterozygote ; heterozygotes ; Isoenzymes ; loci ; locus ; Lodgepole pine ; natural selection ; Pinus contorta ; Plant population genetics ; Plant reproduction ; Population genetics ; Pygmy forests ; seleccion natural ; selection naturelle ; Terraces ; Trees ; variacion genetica ; variation genetique</subject><ispartof>Evolution, 1994-08, Vol.48 (4), p.1009-1019</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1994 The Society for the Study of Evolution</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 1994 Society for the Study of Evolution</rights><rights>Copyright Society for the Study of Evolution Aug 1994</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2556-47898af27dcf11cbeaacd6b7a8927f8adae8a5403a56d26fc0ad80e273b849403</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2410362$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2410362$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,58238,58471</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Aitken, Sally N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Libby, William J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR</creatorcontrib><title>Evolution of the pygmy-forest edaphic subspecies of Pinus contorta across an ecological staircase</title><title>Evolution</title><description>Patterns of allozyme variation within and between two of the subspecies of Pinus contorta were examined for the evolutionary relationship between them. In coastal northern California, these subspecies are parapatric. Pinus contorta ssp. contorta occurs on grassy coastal bluffs on the lowest and youngest of a sequence of five marine terraces; P contorta ssp. bolanderi is endemic to a pygmy forest ecosystem that occurs on the increasingly older and harsher soils of the third, fourth, and fifth terraces. The soils of the upper three terraces are characterized by extreme podzolization, low pH, low nutrient availability, summer drought (with periodic fires), and winter surface flooding above the hardpan. Dune and cliff soils support a tall redwood and Douglas-fir forest between the terraces. Analyses of seeds collected from 11 pygmy-forest and 6 coastal populations showed ssp. bolanderi to have significantly less allozyme variation than spp. contorta. The two subspecies did not show the phylogenetic dichotomy in allozyme allelic constitutions expected for subspecific classification. Within ssp. bolanderi, the pattern of genetic distances correlated better with edaphic differences among sites than with geographic distance. It appears that ssp. bolanderi is a recently evolved derivative of ssp. contorta, and that the low degree of allozyme differentiation among the bolanderi populations may be due to colonization of the sites by small numbers of individuals, or to hitchhiking of allozyme loci linked to loci undergoing strong selection imposed by the severe edaphic conditions typical of bolanderi sites.</description><subject>Alleles</subject><subject>california</subject><subject>californie</subject><subject>Coastal forests</subject><subject>Coniferous forests</subject><subject>ecologia forestal</subject><subject>ecologie forestiere</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>edaphic factors</subject><subject>enzimas</subject><subject>enzyme</subject><subject>enzymes</subject><subject>evolucion</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>facteur edaphique</subject><subject>factores edaficos</subject><subject>forest ecology</subject><subject>Forest soils</subject><subject>gene</subject><subject>Gene flow</subject><subject>genes</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Genetic loci</subject><subject>genetic variation</subject><subject>habitat</subject><subject>habitats</subject><subject>heterocigotos</subject><subject>heterozygote</subject><subject>heterozygotes</subject><subject>Isoenzymes</subject><subject>loci</subject><subject>locus</subject><subject>Lodgepole pine</subject><subject>natural selection</subject><subject>Pinus contorta</subject><subject>Plant population genetics</subject><subject>Plant reproduction</subject><subject>Population genetics</subject><subject>Pygmy forests</subject><subject>seleccion natural</subject><subject>selection naturelle</subject><subject>Terraces</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>variacion genetica</subject><subject>variation genetique</subject><issn>0014-3820</issn><issn>1558-5646</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1994</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90d2L1DAQAPAgCq6n-B9IENEXq0nafPTxOM4POFDQew6z6aSXpZvUpBX2vzdr70kOmYeB4cfMMEPIS84-iJbpj6LjrFXiEdlxKU0jVacekx1jvGtaI9hT8qyUA2Osl7zfEbj-naZ1CSnS5Olyh3Q-jcdT41PGslAcYL4LjpZ1X2Z0AcuZfQ9xLdSluKS8AAWXUykUIkWXpjQGBxMtC4TsoOBz8sTDVPDFfb4gt5-uf159aW6-ff56dXnTOCGlajptegNe6MF5zt0eAdyg9hpML7Q3MAAakB1rQapBKO8YDIah0O3edH2tX5C3W985p19rXd4eQ3E4TRAxrcVypbkQQlX4-h94SGuOdTcrhGai1VJW9H5DI0xoQ_RpyeBGjJhhShF9qOVLrhTXRp-HNw_wGgMeg3vIv9v839Nl9HbO4Qj5ZDmz5zfa-zdW-WaTh1Kv_R_2amMekoUxh2Jvf_C-l4zLjhvV_gGdgaMj</recordid><startdate>19940801</startdate><enddate>19940801</enddate><creator>Aitken, Sally N.</creator><creator>Libby, William J.</creator><general>Society for the Study of Evolution</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19940801</creationdate><title>Evolution of the pygmy-forest edaphic subspecies of Pinus contorta across an ecological staircase</title><author>Aitken, Sally N. ; Libby, William J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2556-47898af27dcf11cbeaacd6b7a8927f8adae8a5403a56d26fc0ad80e273b849403</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1994</creationdate><topic>Alleles</topic><topic>california</topic><topic>californie</topic><topic>Coastal forests</topic><topic>Coniferous forests</topic><topic>ecologia forestal</topic><topic>ecologie forestiere</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>edaphic factors</topic><topic>enzimas</topic><topic>enzyme</topic><topic>enzymes</topic><topic>evolucion</topic><topic>Evolution</topic><topic>facteur edaphique</topic><topic>factores edaficos</topic><topic>forest ecology</topic><topic>Forest soils</topic><topic>gene</topic><topic>Gene flow</topic><topic>genes</topic><topic>Genetic aspects</topic><topic>Genetic loci</topic><topic>genetic variation</topic><topic>habitat</topic><topic>habitats</topic><topic>heterocigotos</topic><topic>heterozygote</topic><topic>heterozygotes</topic><topic>Isoenzymes</topic><topic>loci</topic><topic>locus</topic><topic>Lodgepole pine</topic><topic>natural selection</topic><topic>Pinus contorta</topic><topic>Plant population genetics</topic><topic>Plant reproduction</topic><topic>Population genetics</topic><topic>Pygmy forests</topic><topic>seleccion natural</topic><topic>selection naturelle</topic><topic>Terraces</topic><topic>Trees</topic><topic>variacion genetica</topic><topic>variation genetique</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Aitken, Sally N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Libby, William J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Evolution</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Aitken, Sally N.</au><au>Libby, William J.</au><aucorp>Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evolution of the pygmy-forest edaphic subspecies of Pinus contorta across an ecological staircase</atitle><jtitle>Evolution</jtitle><date>1994-08-01</date><risdate>1994</risdate><volume>48</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1009</spage><epage>1019</epage><pages>1009-1019</pages><issn>0014-3820</issn><eissn>1558-5646</eissn><abstract>Patterns of allozyme variation within and between two of the subspecies of Pinus contorta were examined for the evolutionary relationship between them. In coastal northern California, these subspecies are parapatric. Pinus contorta ssp. contorta occurs on grassy coastal bluffs on the lowest and youngest of a sequence of five marine terraces; P contorta ssp. bolanderi is endemic to a pygmy forest ecosystem that occurs on the increasingly older and harsher soils of the third, fourth, and fifth terraces. The soils of the upper three terraces are characterized by extreme podzolization, low pH, low nutrient availability, summer drought (with periodic fires), and winter surface flooding above the hardpan. Dune and cliff soils support a tall redwood and Douglas-fir forest between the terraces. Analyses of seeds collected from 11 pygmy-forest and 6 coastal populations showed ssp. bolanderi to have significantly less allozyme variation than spp. contorta. The two subspecies did not show the phylogenetic dichotomy in allozyme allelic constitutions expected for subspecific classification. Within ssp. bolanderi, the pattern of genetic distances correlated better with edaphic differences among sites than with geographic distance. It appears that ssp. bolanderi is a recently evolved derivative of ssp. contorta, and that the low degree of allozyme differentiation among the bolanderi populations may be due to colonization of the sites by small numbers of individuals, or to hitchhiking of allozyme loci linked to loci undergoing strong selection imposed by the severe edaphic conditions typical of bolanderi sites.</abstract><cop>St. Louis</cop><pub>Society for the Study of Evolution</pub><doi>10.2307/2410362</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alleles california californie Coastal forests Coniferous forests ecologia forestal ecologie forestiere Ecology edaphic factors enzimas enzyme enzymes evolucion Evolution facteur edaphique factores edaficos forest ecology Forest soils gene Gene flow genes Genetic aspects Genetic loci genetic variation habitat habitats heterocigotos heterozygote heterozygotes Isoenzymes loci locus Lodgepole pine natural selection Pinus contorta Plant population genetics Plant reproduction Population genetics Pygmy forests seleccion natural selection naturelle Terraces Trees variacion genetica variation genetique |
title | Evolution of the pygmy-forest edaphic subspecies of Pinus contorta across an ecological staircase |
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