Cognitive performance and the course of depressive symptoms over 7 years of follow-up: the SMART-MR study

• Published in: Psychological medicine 2015-06, Vol.45 (8), p.1741-1750
• Main Authors: Kooistra, M., Zuithoff, N. P. A., Grool, A. M., Zinsmeester, M., Biessels, G. J., van der Graaf, Y., Geerlings, M. I.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Brain - pathology; Cognition Disorders - complications; Cognition Disorders - pathology; Cognitive ability; Cohort Studies; Depression - complications; Depression - pathology; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mental depression; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Original Articles; Prospective Studies; Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vascular Diseases - complications
• ISSN: 0033-2917; 1469-8978
• DOI: 10.1017/S0033291714002864

Depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment often co-occur, but their interactive relationship is complex and the direction of causation is still a topic of research. We examined the influence of cognitive performance on the course of depressive symptoms during 7 years of follow-up in patients with vascular disease. Within the SMART-MR study, 736 patients (mean age 62 ± 10 years) had neuropsychological assessment on four cognitive domains at baseline [memory (MEM), working memory (WMEM), executive functioning (EXEC), and information processing speed (SPEED)]. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at baseline and every 6 months during 7 years of follow-up. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models were used to assess the association between cognitive performance with depressive symptoms at multiple time points during follow-up. Interaction terms between the respective cognitive domains and time was included to examine if the course of depressive symptoms differed according to baseline cognitive performance. The GEE analyses showed no significant interactions between the respective cognitive domains and time indicating no different course of depressive symptoms according to baseline cognitive performance. Lower MEM, EXEC or SPEED, but not WMEM performance, was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms during follow-up per z score decrease: MEM [B = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-1.05]; EXEC (B = 0.88, 95% CI 0.41-1.36), and SPEED (B = 0.57, 95% CI 0.21-0.92). Poorer cognitive performance on the domains MEM, EXEC and SPEED, but not WMEM, was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms over 7 years of follow-up, but not with a different course of depressive symptoms over time.