Evaluation of acute toxicity and teratogenic effects of disinfectants by Daphnia magna embryo assay

• Published in: Environmental pollution (1987) 2012-09, Vol.168, p.54-61
• Main Authors: Ton, Shan-Shin, Chang, Shih-Hsien, Hsu, Ling-Yin, Wang, Meng-Hsuan, Wang, Kai-Sung
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: acute toxicity; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Applied ecology; Biological and medical sciences; Cresols - toxicity; Daphnia - embryology; Daphnia magna; Disinfectant; disinfectants; Disinfectants - toxicity; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution; Embryo toxicity; Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects; Embryos; Exposure; Formaldehyde; Formaldehyde - toxicity; Freshwater; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Hypochlorous Acid - toxicity; Malpighian Tubules - drug effects; organogenesis; Organs; Pollution abatement; Reproduction; solar radiation; Sunlight; Sunlight degradation; Teratogenic effect; teratogenicity; Teratogens - toxicity; Toxicity; toxicity testing; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Tubes; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity
• ISSN: 0269-7491; 1873-6424
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.008

Three common disinfectants were selected in this study to investigate their toxicity to Daphnia magna. The methods used in this study included the traditional acute toxicity test, new embryo toxicity test, and teratogenic test. The study concluded that the acute toxicity of the three disinfectants to young daphnids and embryos were hypochlorite > formaldehyde > m-cresol. The effects on growth mostly occurred in the late stages of organogenesis. Of the organs, the Malpighian tube was the most sensitive to disinfectants during embryonic organogenesis. After exposure of the disinfectants to sunlight for 4 h, acute toxicity and teratogenic effects of hypochlorite on young daphnids decreased by 30% and 71%, respectively, while those of formaldehyde decreased by 35% and 49%, respectively. In addition, comparing toxic endpoints of the three disinfectants with and without sunlight exposure, the embryo tests were equally sensitive to the three-week reproduction test in this study. ► The toxicity of the disinfectants to Daphnia magna were hypochlorite >> formaldehyde > m-cresol. ► Sunlight-exposed hypochlorite and formaldehyde showed light decomposition and reduced toxicity. ► The effects on growth mostly occurred in the late stages of organogenesis. ► Acute toxicity of disinfectants on embryo assay system is more sensitive than neonate bioassay. Comparing the toxic endpoints of 3 disinfectants with and without sunlight exposure.