High-Resolution Fractionation after Gas Chromatography for Effect-Directed Analysis

• Published in: Analytical chemistry (Washington) 2013-09, Vol.85 (17), p.8204-8211
• Main Authors: Pieke, Eelco, Heus, Ferry, Kamstra, Jorke H, Mladic, Marija, Velzen, Martin van, Kamminga, Dik, Lamoree, Marja H, Hamers, Timo, Leonards, Pim, Niessen, Wilfried M. A, Kool, Jeroen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Bioassays; Carriers; Chemical Fractionation - methods; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gas - methods; Dioxins; Fractionation; Infusion; Mathematical analysis; Optimization; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Receptors; Separation; Solvents
• ISSN: 0003-2700; 1520-6882
• DOI: 10.1021/ac401384q

This research presents an analytical technology for highly efficient, high-resolution, and high-yield fractionation of compounds after gas chromatography (GC) separations. The technology is straightforward, does not require sophisticated cold traps or adsorbent traps, and allows collecting large numbers of fractions during a GC run. The technology is based on direct infusion of a carrier solvent at the end of the GC column, where infusion takes place in the GC oven. Pentane and hexane used as carrier solvent showed good results. Acetonitrile also showed good results as a more polar carrier solvent. Development and optimization of the technology is described, followed by demonstration in a high-throughput effect directed analysis setting toward dioxin receptor bioactivity. The GC fractionation setup was capable of collecting fractions in the second range. As a result, fractionated compounds could be collected into one or two fractions when 6.5 s resolution fractionation was performed. Subsequently, mixtures containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, of which some are bioactive toward the dioxin receptor, were profiled with a mammalian gene reporter assay. After fractionation into 96-well plates, we used our new approach for direct cell seeding onto the fractions prior to assaying which allowed dioxin receptor bioactivity to be measured directly after fractionation. The current technology represents a great advance in effect directed analysis for environmental screening worldwide as it allows combining the preferred analytical separation technology for often non-polar environmental pollutants with environmentally relevant bioassays, in high resolution.