MRI in transverse myelitis

Transverse myelitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the spinal cord, characterized by rapid onset of bilateral neurological symptoms. Weakness, sensory disturbance, and autonomic dysfunction evolve over hours or days, most progressing to maximal clinical severity within 10 days of onset. At maxi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of magnetic resonance imaging 2014-12, Vol.40 (6), p.1267-1279
Main Authors: Goh, Christine, Desmond, Patricia M., Phal, Pramit M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
MRI
Myelitis, Transverse - pathology
myelopathy
neuromyelitis optica
parainfectious myelitis
spinal cord
Spinal Cord - pathology
transverse myelitis
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Summary:Transverse myelitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the spinal cord, characterized by rapid onset of bilateral neurological symptoms. Weakness, sensory disturbance, and autonomic dysfunction evolve over hours or days, most progressing to maximal clinical severity within 10 days of onset. At maximal clinical severity, half will have a paraparesis, and almost all patients have sensory disturbance and bladder dysfunction. Residual disability is divided equally between severe, moderate and minimal or none. The causes of transverse myelitis are diverse; etiologies implicated include demyelinating conditions, collagen vascular disease, and parainfectious causes, however, despite extensive diagnostic work‐up many cases are considered idiopathic. Due to heterogeneity in pathogenesis, and the similarity of its clinical presentation with those of various noninflammatory myelopathies, transverse myelitis has frequently been viewed as a diagnostic dilemma. However, as targeted therapies to optimize patient outcome develop, timely identification of the underlying etiology is becoming increasingly important. In this review, we describe the imaging and clinical features of idiopathic and disease‐associated transverse myelitis and its major differentials, with discussion of how MR imaging features assist in the identification of various sub‐types of transverse myelitis. We will also discuss the potential for advanced MR techniques to contribute to diagnosis and prognostication. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1267–1279. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ISSN:1053-1807
1522-2586
DOI:10.1002/jmri.24563